Research on multiple cohorts of aspiring and practicing principals engaged in professional development provides perspectives on the benefits of mentoring through clinical practice by clarifying issues related to role socialization, professional development, and leadership capacity building. Based on data from participants in several cohorts and reviews of research on clinical practice, leadership preparation, and mentoring, the authors make recommendations for improving university-based preparation programs through models and programs in which aspiring principals can gain authentic administrative work experience guided by mentors. The authors close with a reflection about the critical importance of practice and administrative mentoring in the initial and continuing preparation of principals.
Aiken, J. A. (2002). The socialization of new principals: Another perspective on principal retention. Education Leadership Review, 3(1), 32-40.
2.
Barth, R. S. (1990). Improving schools from within: Teachers, parents can make the difference. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
3.
Barth, R. S. (2001). Learning by heart. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
4.
Beyu, T. M., & Holmes, C. T. (Eds.). (1992). Mentoring: Contemporary principles and issues. Reston, VA: Association of Teacher Educators.
5.
Boston Public Schools. (1995). Boston principal fellows: Be part of real change. Retrieved November 28, 2003, from http:www/bostonsli.org
6.
Browne-Ferrigno, T. (2003a). Becoming a principal: Role conception, initial socialization, roleidentity transformation, purposeful engagement. Educational Administration Quarterly, 39, 468-503.
7.
Browne-Ferrigno, T. (2003b, November). Principals Excellence Program: Advanced professional development for administrator-certified leaders. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the University Council for Educational Administration, Portland, OR.
8.
Browne-Ferrigno, T. (2004). Principals Excellence Program: Developing effective school leaders through unique university-district partnership. Manuscript submitted for publication.
9.
Browne-Ferrigno, T., Allen, L. W.,& Maynard, B. (2003a, November). Developing school leaders for Kentucky high-need rural schools: Principals Excellence Program. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the University Council for Educational Administration, Portland, OR.
10.
Browne-Ferrigno, T.,& Muth, R. (2001, November). Becoming a principal: Role transformation through clinical practice. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the University Council for Educational Administration, Cincinnati, OH.
11.
Browne-Ferrigno, T.,& Muth, R. (2004). Role transformation to the principalship through clinical practice and mentoring. Manuscript submitted for publication.
12.
Browne-Ferrigno, T., Rinehart, J. S., & Fusarelli, B. C. (2003b, November). The Kentucky principalship: Redesigned by ISLLC Standards, assessed by educational practitioners, influenced by policy and context. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the University Council for Educational Administration, Portland, OR.
13.
Browne-Ferrigno, T., & Shoho, A. (2002, November). An exploratory analysis of leadership preparation selection criteria. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the University Council for Educational Administration, Pittsburgh, PA.
14.
Browne-Ferrigno, T.,& Shoho, A. (2003, April). Do admission processes in administrator preparation programs assure students with potential to become effective principals?Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago.
15.
Capasso, R. L., & Daresh, J. C. (2001). The school administration handbook: Leading, mentoring, and participating in the internship program. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.
16.
Cline, Z., & Necochea, J. (2000). Socialization paradox: A challenge for educational leaders. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 3(2), 151-158.
17.
Clutterbuck, R. (1985). Everybody needs a mentor. London: Institute Press.
18.
Coleman, D., Copeland, D., & Adams, R. C. (2001). University education administration program development: Administrative skills vs. achievement standards as predictors of administrative success. In T. J. Kowalski& G. Perreault (Eds.), Twenty-first century challenges for school administrators(Ninth Annual Yearbook of the National Council of Professors of Educational Administration; pp. 53-61). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow.
19.
Cordeiro, P. A., & Smith-Sloan, E. (1995, April). Apprenticeships for administrative interns: Learning to talk like a principal. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco.
20.
Council of Chief State School Officers. (1996). Interstate School Leaders Licensure Consortium: Standards for school leaders. Washington, DC: Author.
21.
Crews, A. C., & Weakley, S. (1996). Making leadership happen: The SREB model for school leadership development. Atlanta, GA: Southern Regional Education Board.
22.
Crow, G. M., & Glascock, C. (1995). Socialization to a new conception of the principalship. Journal of Educational Administration, 33(1), 22-43.
23.
Crow, G. M.,& Matthews, L. J. (1998). Finding one’s way: How mentoring can lead to dynamic leadership. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.
24.
Dana, N. F. (1992, October). Teacher leadership through collaborative action research: Implications for teachers, principals, and university researchers/teacher educators. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Pennsylvania Association of Colleges and Teacher Educators, Grantsville, PA.
25.
Daresh, J. C. (1987, April). The beginning principalship: Preservice and inservice implications. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Washington, DC.
26.
Daresh, J. C. (2001). Leaders helping leaders: A practical guide to administrative mentoring (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.
27.
Daresh, J. C. (2002). What it means to be a principal: Your guide to leadership. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.
28.
Daresh, J. C., & Playko, M. A. (1991). Preparing mentors for school leaders. Journal of Staff Development, 12(4), 24-27.
29.
Daresh, J. C.,& Playko, M. A. (1995, April). Mentoring in educational leadership development: What are the responsibilities of the protégés?Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco.
30.
Daresh, J. C., & Playko, M. A. (1997). Beginning the principalship: A practical guide for new school leaders. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.
31.
Doyle, C. P. (1984). Obtaining an administrative position. In J. J. Lane (Ed.), The making of a principal(pp. 129-152). Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas.
32.
Educational Research Service, National Association of Elementary School Principals, & National Association of Secondary School Principals. (2000). The principal, keystone of a high-achieving school: Attracting and keeping the leadership we need. Arlington, VA: Educational Research Service.
33.
Ford, S., Martin, W. M., Muth, R., & Steinbrecher, E. (1997). The Denver Schools’ Leadership Academy: Problem-based learning to prepare future school leaders. In J. Reyhner (Ed.), Partnerships in education: Preparing teachers for the twenty-first century(pp. 123-132). Flagstaff, AZ: Northern Arizona University Press.
34.
Geismar, T. J., Morris, J. D., & Lieberman, M. G. (2000). Selecting mentors for principalship interns. Journal of School Leadership, 10(3), 233-247.
35.
Gordon, S. P. (2004). Professional development for school improvement: Empowering learning communities. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
36.
Greenfield, W. D. (1975, March/April). Socialization processes among administrative candidates in public schools. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Washington, DC.
37.
Grogan, M., & Andrews, R. (2002). Defining preparation and professional development for the future. Educational Administration Quarterly, 38, 233-256.
38.
Gurley, D. K., Browne-Ferrigno, T., & Johnson, B. C. (2002, November). Kentucky Principal Internship Program: Pilot study findings and implications. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the University Council for Educational Administration, Pittsburgh, PA.
39.
Hamilton, D. N., Ross, P. N., Steinbach, R.,& Leithwood, K. A. (1996). Differences in the socialization experiences of promoted and aspiring school administrators. Journal of School Leadership, 6(4), 346-367.
40.
Hansen, J. M., & Matthews, J. (2002). The power of more than one. Principal Leadership, 3(2), 30-33.
41.
Hilston, J. (2000, November 26). Online graphic: Distressed counties in Appalachia, 2000. PG News. Retrieved October 20, 2003, from http://post-gazette.com/headlines/
42.
Institute for Educational Leadership. (2000). Leadership for student learning: Reinventing the principalship. Washington, DC: Author.
43.
Jackson, B. L.,& Kelley, C. (2002). Exceptional and innovative programs in educational leadership. Educational Administration Quarterly, 38, 192-212.
44.
Kelley, C., & Peterson, K. (2000, November). The work of principals and their preparation: Addressing critical needs for the 21st century. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the University Council for Educational Administration, Albuquerque, NM.
45.
Kraus, C. M.,& Cordeiro, P. A. (1995, October). Challenging traditions: Re-examining the preparation of educational leaders for the workplace. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the University Council for Educational Administration, Salt Lake City, UT.
46.
Lane, J. J. (Ed.). (1984). The making of a principal. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas.
47.
Lauder, A. (2000). The new look in principal preparation programs. NASSP Bulletin, 84(617), 23-28.
48.
Lave, J., & Wenger, E. (1991). Situated learning: Legitimate peripheral participation. New York: Cambridge University Press.
49.
Lumsden, L. S. (1992). Prospects in principal preparation. Eugene, OR. (ERIC Digest No. 77)
50.
Matthews, L. J., & Crow, G. M. (2003). Being and becoming a principal: Role conceptions for contemporary principals and assistant principals. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
51.
McAdams, R. P. (1998). Who’ll run the schools? The coming administrator shortage. American School Board Journal, 29(8), 37-39.
52.
Merriam, S. (1983). Mentors and protégés: A critical review of the literature. Adult Quarterly, 33(3), 161-173.
53.
Michel, G. J. (1996). Socialization and career orientation of the assistant principal. (ERIC Document Service No. ED395381)
54.
Milstein, M. M. (1992, October/November). The Danforth Program for the Preparation of School Principals (DPPSP) six years later: What we have learned. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the University Council for Educational Administration, Minneapolis, MN.
55.
Milstein, M. M., Bobroff, B. M., & Restine, L. N. (1991). Internship programs in educational administration: A guide to preparing educational leaders. New York: Teachers College Press.
56.
Milstein, M. M.,& Krueger, J. A. (1997). Improving educational administration preparation programs: What we have learned over the past decade. Peabody Journal of Education, 72(2), 100-106.
57.
Mullen, C. A., Gordon, S. P., Greenlee, B. J., & Anderson, R. H. (2002). Capacities for school leadership: Emerging trends in the literature. International Journal of Educational Reform, 11(2), 158-198.
58.
Mullen, C. A., & Lick, D. W. (Eds.). (1999). New directions in mentoring: Creating a culture of synergy. London: Falmer.
59.
Murphy, J., & Forsyth, P. B. (Eds.). (1999). Educational administration: A decade of reform. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.
60.
Murphy, M. J., Martin, W. M., & Muth, R. (1994). Matching performance standards with problems of practice: Problem-based learning in a standards environment. Symposium presentation on problem-based learning, performance standards, and portfolios at the annual conference of the University Council for Educational Administration, Philadelphia.
61.
Muth, R. (1999, August). Integrating a learning-oriented paradigm: Implications for practice. Paper presented at the annual conference of the National Council of Professors of Educational Administration, Jackson Hole, WY.
62.
Muth, R. (2000). Toward a learning-oriented instructional paradigm: Implications for practice. In P. Jenlink & T. Kowalski (Eds.), Marching into a new millennium: Challenges to educational leadership(Eighth Annual Yearbook of the National Council of Professors of Educational Administration; pp. 82-103). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow.
63.
Muth, R. (2002). Scholar-practitioner goals, practices, and outcomes: What students and faculty need to know and be able to do. Scholar-Practitioner Quarterly, 1(1), 67-87.
64.
Muth, R., Banks, D., Bonelli, J., Gaddis, B., Napierkowski, H., White, C., et al. (2001). Toward an instructional paradigm: Recasting how faculty work and students learn. In T. J. Kowalski & G. Perreault (Eds.), Twenty-first century challenges for school administrators(Ninth Annual Yearbook of the National Council of Professors of Educational Administration; pp. 29-53). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow.
65.
Muth, R., & Browne-Ferrigno, T. (2003, August). Why don’t our graduates take administrative positions? And what’s the cost?Paper presented at the annual conference of the National Council of Professors of Educational Administration, Sedona, AZ.
66.
National Policy Board for Educational Administration. (2002). Standards for advanced programs in educational leadership for principals, superintendents, curriculum directors, and supervisors. Retrieved April 12, 2002, from http://www.npbea.org/ELCC
67.
National Staff Development Council. (2000). Learning to lead, leading to learn: Improving school quality through principal professional development. Oxford, OH: Author.
68.
Newton, R. M. (2001). A recruitment strategy: Retooling the principal’s role. AASA Professor, 24(4), 6-10.
69.
New York City Leadership Academy. (2003). NYC Leadership Academy: Developing principals into great leaders. Retrieved November 28, 2003, from http://www.nycleadershipacademy.org
70.
Norris, C.,& Barnett, B. (1994, October). Cultivating a new leadership paradigm: From cohorts to communities. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the University Council for Educational Administration, Philadelphia.
71.
Ortiz, F. I. (1982). Career patterns in education: Women, men and minorities in public school administration. New York: Praeger.
72.
Painter, S. R. (2001). Growing new principals. Principal, 80(4), 44-45.
73.
Schön, D. A. (1987). Educating the reflective practitioner: Toward a newdesign for teaching and learning in the professions. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
74.
Silva, D. Y., Gimbert, B.,& Nolan, J. (2000). Sliding the doors: Locking and unlocking possibilities for teacher leadership. Teachers College Record, 102(4), 779-804.
75.
Southworth, G. (1995). Reflections on mentoring for newschool leaders. Journal of Educational Administration, 33(5), 17-28.
76.
Usdan, M. D. (2002). Reactions to articles commissioned by the National Commission for the Advancement of Education Leadership Preparation. Educational Administration Quarterly, 38, 300-307.
77.
Wenger, E. (1998). Communities of practice: Learning, meaning, and identity. New York: Cambridge University Press.
78.
White, E., & Crow, G. M. (1993, April). Rites of passage: The role perceptions of interns in the preparation for principalship. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Atlanta, GA.
79.
Williamson, R.,& Hudson, M. (2001, August). The good, the bad, the ugly: Internships in principal preparation. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council of Professors of Educational Administration, Houston, TX.
80.
Winter, P. A., Rinehart, J. S.,& Munoz, M. A. (2001, November). Principal certified personnel: Do they want the job?Paper presented at the annual meeting of the University Council for Educational Administration, Cincinnati, OH.
81.
Yerkes, D. M., & Guaglianone, C. L. (1998). Where have all the high school administrators gone?Thrust for Educational Leadership, 28(2), 10-14.
82.
Young, M. D., Petersen, G. T., & Short, P. M. (2002). The complexity of substantive reform: A call for interdependence among key stakeholders. Educational Administration Quarterly, 38, 137-175.
83.
Young, M. D.,& Peterson, G. J. (2002). The National Commission for the Advancement of Educational Leadership Preparation: An introduction. Educational Administration Quarterly, 38, 130-136.
