The author examines racial, economic, and linguistic segregation in the Washington, D.C. charter school system and asks, “Are government supports aimed at deterring segregation effective at preventing enrollment bias in charter schools?” The author shows that charter schools in Washington, D.C. remain heavily segregated even though market supports meant to deter racial, economic, and linguistic segregation have been adopted. The findings of this study are generalizable to other charter school systems because segregation is least likely to arise in D.C. charter schools. The results indicate that underlying market forces continue to create segregated schools and that further study and government supports are necessary to diversify public charter schools.
ArmorD. (1996). Forced justice: School desegregation and the law. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
4.
BallS. J. (1993). Education markets, choice and social class. The market as a class strategy in the UK and the USA. British Journal of Sociology of Education,4(1), 3-19.
BartleyN. V. (1999). The rise of massive resistance: Race and politics in the South during the 1950s. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press.
7.
Braun Research Inc. (2009). Fork in the road: Where does the District go in K-12 education?Indianapolis, IN: Friedman Foundation.
8.
Brown v. Board of Education (II), 349 U.S. 294 (1955).
9.
BuckleyK.FislerJ. (2003). A decade of charter schools: From theory to practice. Educational Policy, 17, 317-342.
10.
CarhillA.Suárez-OrozcoC. (2008). Explaining English language proficiency among adolescent immigrant students. American Educational Research Journal, 45, 1155-1179.
11.
CarnoyM.JacobsenR.MishelL.RothsteinR. (2005). The charter school dust-up: Examining the evidence on enrollment and achievement. New York, NY: Teachers College Press.
CREDO. (2009). Multiple choice: Charter school performance in 16 states. Stanford, CA: Stanford University.
14.
Darling-HammondL. (2007). Race, inequality and educational accountability: The irony of “No Child Left Behind.”Race, Ethnicity, and Education, 10, 245-260.
DC Public Charter Schools. (2009). District of Columbia Public Charter School Board: 2009 school performance report. Washington, DC: D.C. Public Charter School Board
17.
DC Public Schools. (2010). District of Columbia public schools: Facts and statistics. Retrieved from http://dcps.dc.gov
18.
EckesS.RappK. (2005). Charter schools: Trends and implications. Readings on Education, 19, 1-26. New York, NY: AMS Press.
19.
EckesS.TrotterA. (2007). Are charter schools using recruitment strategies to increase student body diversity?Education and Urban Society, 40(1). 62-90.
20.
FinnC. E.Jr.MannoB. V.VanourekG. (2000). Charter schools in action: Renewing public education. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
21.
FrankenbergE.LeeC. (2003). Charter schools and race: A lost opportunity for integrated education. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 11(32).
22.
FrankenbergE.Siegel-HawleyG.WangJ. (2010). Choice without equity: Charter school segregation and the need for civil rights standards. Los Angeles, CA: The Civil Rights Project/Proyecto Derechos Civiles at UCLA
23.
FullerB.ElmoreR.OrfieldG. (1996). Who chooses? Who losses? Culture, institutions, and the unequal effects of school choice. New York, NY: Teachers College Press.
24.
FullerB.GawlikM.GonzalesE.ParkS. (2003). Localized Ideas of Fairness: Inequality Among Charter Schools. In BulkleyK. E.WohlstetterP. (Eds.), Taking account of charter schools: What’s happened and what’s next? (pp. 93-120). New York, NY: Teachers College Press.
25.
GarciaD. (2008). Academic and racial Segregation in charter schools: Do parents sort students into specialized charter schools?Education and Urban Society, 40, 590-612
26.
GarciaD.McIlroyL.BarberR. (2008). Starting behind: A comparative analysis of the academic standing of students entering charter schools. Social Science Quarterly, 89, 199-216.
27.
GreenP. (2001). Racial balancing provisions and charter schools: Are charter schools out on a constitutional limb?Brigham Young University Education and Law Journal, 1, 65-84.
28.
GutmannA. (1987). Democratic education. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
29.
HasselB. C. (1999). The charter school challenge: Avoiding the pitfalls, fulfilling the promise. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
30.
JeynesW. (2007). The relationship between parental involvement and urban secondary school student academic achievement: A meta-analysis. Urban Education, 42(1), 82-110.
31.
Lacireno-PaquetN.HolyokeT.MoserM. (2002). Creaming versus cropping: Charter school enrollment practices in response to market incentives. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 24, 145-158.
32.
LareauA. (1989). Home advantage. New York, NY: Crown Press.
33.
LubienskiC. (2003). Innovation in education markets: Theory and evidence on the impact of competition and choice in charter schools. American Educational Research Journal, 40, 395-443.
34.
MerrifieldJ. (2001). The school choice wars. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press.
35.
MironG.UrschelJ. L.MathisW.J.TornquistE. (2010). Schools without diversity: Education management organizations, charter schools and the demographic stratification of the American school system. Boulder, CO: Education and the Public Interest Center and Education Policy Research Unit. Retrieved from http://nepc.colorado.edu/files/EMO-Seg.pdf
36.
MurphyJ.ShiffmanC. (2002). Understanding and assessing the charter school movement. New York, NY: Teachers College Press
37.
MuseB. (1961). Virginia’s massive resistance. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
National Alliance for Public Charter Schools. (2010). State charter school law database. Retrieved from http://www.publiccharters.org
40.
OrfieldG. (1995a). Segregated housing and school desegregation. In OrfieldG.EatonS. (Eds.), Dismantling desegregation: The quiet reversal of Brown v. Board of Education (pp. 291-330). New York, NY: New Press.
41.
OrfieldG. (1995b). Turning back on discrimination. In OrfieldG.EatonS. (Eds.), Dismantling desegregation: The quiet reversal of Brown v. Board of Education (pp. 291-330). New York, NY: New Press.
42.
RappK.EckesS. (2007). Dispelling the myth of “white flight”: An examination of minority enrollment in charter schools. Educational Policy, 21, 615-661.
43.
ReardonS.YunJ. T. (2002). Private school racial enrollments and segregation. Cambridge, MA: Civil Rights Project.
44.
RPP International. (2000). The state of charter schools: National study of charter schools, fourth-year report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education.
45.
SchneiderJ. (1999). Five prevailing charter types. School Administrator, 56(7), 29-31.
46.
ShoberA.MannaP.WitteJ. (2006). Flexibility meets accountability: State charter school laws and their influence on the formation of charter schools in the United States. Policy Studies Journal, 34, 563-587.
47.
SmrekarC.GoldringE. (1999). School choice in urban America: Magnet schools and the pursuit of equity. New York, NY: Teachers College Press.
48.
StewartE. (2007). School structural characteristics, student effort, peer associations, and parental involvement: The influence of school- and individual-level factors on academic achievement. Education and Urban Society, 40, 179-204.
49.
ThompsonJ. D. (2007). Pictures on the wall: Urban restructuring, gentrification and the struggle for place in 21st century Washington D.C. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). American University, Washington, DC.
