Severely and profoundly retarded adults appear able to benefit from significantly more vocational opportunities than are typically provided. Examples of work tasks currently performed by this group are presented in order to emphasize their vocational abilities, and successful training and supervision procedures are illustrated.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AbesonA.Movements and momentum: Government and the education of handicapped children IIExceptional Children197441109–116
2.
AllyonT.AzrinN.Reinforcement and instructions with mental patientsJournal of the Experi-mental Analysis of Behavior19647327–331
3.
BellamyT.ChamberlainP.Vocational training for severely and moderately retarded adults In Innovation: Models and remodels from the UAF's. Boston: Association of University Affiliated Facilities, 1974
4.
BellamyT.SontagE.Use of group contingent music to increase assembly line production rates of retarded students in a simulated sheltered work-shopJournal of Music Therapy197310125–36
5.
BrownL.JohnsonS.GadberryE.FenrickN.Increasing individual and assembly line production rate of retarded studentsTraining School Bulletin197167206–213
6.
BrownL.PearceE.Increasing the production rate of trainable retarded students in a public school simulated workshopEducation and Training of the Mentally Retarded1970515–22
7.
BrownL.VanDeventerP.PerlmutterL.JonesS.SontagE.Effects of consequences on pro-duction rates of trainable retarded and severely emotionally disturbed students in a public school workshopEducation and Training of the Men-tally Retarded1972774–81
8.
ClarkeA.HermelinF.Adult imbeciles: Their abilities and trainabilityThe Lancet19552337–339
9.
CrossonJ.The experimental analysis of vocational behavior in severely retarded malesFinal report, Grant No. OEG32-47-0230-6024. Washington, D.C.: Department of Health, Education and Welfare, 1967
10.
CrossonJ.A technique for programming sheltered workshop environments for training severely retarded workersAmerican Journal of Mental Deficiency196973814–818
11.
DistefanoR.EllisN.SloaneH.Motor proficiency in mental defectivesPerceptual and Motor Skills19588231–234
12.
EvansG.SpradlinJ.Incentives and instructions as controlling variables in productivityAmerican Journal of Mental Deficiency196671129–132
13.
GoldM.Stimulus factors in skill training of the retarded on a complex assembly task: Acquisition transfer and retentionAmerican Journal of Men-tal Deficiency197276517–526
14.
GoldM.Research on the vocational habilitation of the retarded: The present, the futureIn EllisN. (Ed.), International review of research in mental retardation, Vol. 6. New York: Academic Press, 1973
15.
GoldM.The severely retarded in non-sheltered industryPaper presented at American Association on Mental Deficiency, Annual Convention, Toronto, Canada, 1974
16.
GoldM.Redundant cue removal in skill training for the retardedEducation and Training of the Men-tally Retarded19749 in press
17.
GoldM.BarclayC.The learning of difficult visual discriminationsMental Retardation1973119–11(a)
18.
GoldM.BarclayC.The effects of verbal labels on the acquisition and retention of a complex taskTraining School Bulletin19737039–43(b)
19.
GordonS.O'ConnorH.TizardJ.Some effects of incentives on the performance of imbeciles on a repetitive taskAmerican Journal of Mental Defi-ciency195560371–377
20.
GreeneR.HoatsD.Reinforcing capabilities of television distortionJournal of Applied Behavior Analysis19692139–141
21.
GrossmanH. (Ed.), Manual on terminology and classification. Washington, D.C.: American Asso-ciation on Mental Deficiency, 1973
22.
HeadrickM.Effects of instructions and initial rein-forcement on fixed interval behavior in retardatesAmerican Journal of Mental Deficiency196469531–535
23.
HuddleD.Work performance of trainable adults as influenced by competition, cooperation, and monetary rewardAmerican Journal of Mental Deficiency196772198–211
24.
JensK.ShoresR.Behavioral graphs as reinforc-ers for work behavior of mentally retarded adoles-centsEducation and Training of the Mentally Retarded1965421–26
25.
KahnH.BurdettA.Interaction of practice and rewards in motor performance of adolescent men-tal retardatesAmerican Journal of Mental Defi-ciency196772422–427
26.
KarenR.EisnerM.EndresR.Behavior modifi-cation in a sheltered workshop for severely retarded studentsAmerican Journal of Mental Deficiency197479338–347
27.
KliebhahnJ.Effects of goal setting and modeling on job performance of retarded adolescentsAmerican Journal of Mental Deficiency196772220–226
28.
LindeT.Techniques for establishing motivation through operant conditioningAmerican Journal of Mental Deficiency196267437–440
29.
LindsleyO.Direct measurement and prosthesis of retarded behaviorJournal of Education19646281
30.
LoosF.TizardJ.The employment of adult imbeciles in a hospital workshopAmerican Jour-nal of Mental Deficiency195559395–403
31.
MalpassL.Motor proficiency in institutionalized and non-institutionalized retarded children and normal childrenAmerican Journal of Mental Deficiency1960641012–1015
32.
NirjeB.Symposium on normalization-the normali-zation principle-implications and commentsBritish Journal of Mental Subnormality19706770
33.
O'ConnorN.TizardJ.The social problem of mental deficiencyLondon: Pergammon, 1956
34.
OlshanskiS.Changing vocational behavior through normalizationIn WolfensbergerW. (Ed.), The principles of normalization in the human services. Toronto: National Institute on Mental Retardation, 1972
35.
Oregon Association for Retarded Citizens, Newslet-ter1973
36.
SchroederS.Parametric effects of reinforcement frequency, amount of reinforcement, and required response force on sheltered workshop behaviorJournal of Applied Behavior Analysis19725431–441
37.
TateB.BarhoffG.Training the mentally retarded in the production of a complex product: A demon-stration of work potentialExceptional Children196733405–408
38.
TrybusR.LacksP.Modification of vocational behavior in a community agency for mentally retarded adolescentsRehabilitation Literature197233258–266
39.
WilliamsP.Industrial training and remunerative employment of the profoundly retardedJournal of Mental Subnormality19671314–23
ZeamanD.HouseB.The role of attention in retardate discrimination learningIn EllisN. (Ed.), Handbook of mental deficiency. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1963
44.
ZimmermanJ.OverpeckC.EisenbergH.GarlickB.Operant conditioning in a sheltered work-shopRehabilitation Literature196930326–334
45.
ZimmermanJ.StuckeyT.GarlickB. & MillerM.Effects of token reinforcement on productivity in multiply handicapped clients in a sheltered workshopRehabilitation Literature19693034–41