The article examines the three alternative conceptions of the emerging global order with special reference to the place and role of the world religions in that order. (1) Cosmopolitanism builds upon developmental theories of modernization that envision this transformation as a global expansion of western secular modernity, conceived as a universal process of human development. Secularization remains a key analytical as well as normative component. Religions that resist privatization are viewed as a dangerous ‘fundamentalism’ that threatens the differentiated structures of secular modernity. (2) Huntington’s conception of the ‘clash of civilizations’ maintains the analytical components of western modernity but stripped of any universalist normative claim. Modernity is a particular achievement of western civilization that is grounded in the Judeo-Christian tradition. The world religions are the continuously vital core of what are essentially incompatible civilizations doomed to clash with one another for global hegemony. (3) The model of ‘multiple modernities’ is presented as an alternative analytical framework that combines some of the universalist claims of cosmopolitanism, devoid of its secularist assumptions, with the recognition of the continuous relevance of the world religions for the emerging global order.
Almond G., Appleby S. and Sivan E. ( 2003) Strong Religion: The Rise of Fundamentalisms around the World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
2.
Appadurai A. ( 1996) Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization . Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
3.
Archibugi D (ed.) (2003) Debating Cosmopolitics. New York: Verso.
4.
Archibugi D and Held D (eds) (1995) Cosmopolitan Democracy: An Agenda for a New World Order. Cambridge: Polity.
5.
Archibugi D, Held D and Köhler M (eds) (1998) Re-imagining Political Community: Studies in Cosmopolitan Democracy. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
6.
Arnason J. ( 2003) Civilizations in Dispute: Historical Questions and Theoretical Traditions. Leiden: Brill.
7.
Asad T. ( 1993) Genealogies of Religion: Discipline and Reasons of Power in Christianity and Islam. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
8.
Asad T. ( 1997) Europe against Islam: Islam in Europe. The Muslim World87(2): 183-195.
9.
Asad T. ( 2003) Formations of the Secular: Christianity, Islam, Modernity . Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
10.
Beck U. ( 2000) What is Globalization?Cambridge: Polity.
11.
Beck U. ( 2006) The Cosmopolitan Vision. Cambridge : Polity.
12.
Berger P. ( 1999) The Desecularization of the World: Resurgent Religion and World Politics. Washington, DC: Ethics and Public Policy Center.
13.
Casanova J. ( 1999) The sacralization of the Humanum: A theology for a global age. International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society13(1): 12-40.
14.
Casanova J. ( 2001) Civil society and religion. Social Research68(4): 1041-1080.
15.
Casanova J. ( 2003) Beyond European and American exceptionalisms: Towards a global perspective. In: Davie G, Heelas P and Woodhead L (eds) Predicting Religion. Aldershot: Ashgate, 17-29.
16.
Casanova J. ( 2005) Catholic and Muslim politics in comparative perspective . Taiwan Journal of Democracy1(2): 89-108.
17.
Casanova J. ( 2006) Religion, European secular identities, and European integration . In: Byrnes TA and Katzenstein PJ (eds) Religion in an Expanding Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 65-92.
18.
Castells M. ( 1997) The Information Age, Vol. II: The Power of Identity. Oxford: Blackwell.
19.
Davie G. ( 2002) Europe - The Exceptional Case: Parameters of Faith in the Modern World. London: Darton Longman and Todd.
20.
De Tocqueville A. ( 1972 [1835-40]) Democracy in America, 2 vols. New York: Random House (French orig. 1835, Vol. 1 and 1840 , Vol. 2).
21.
Durkheim E. ( 1965[1912]) The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life. New York: Free Press.
22.
Eisenstadt SN (ed.) (1974) Post-Traditional Societies. New York: Norton (orig. pub. Daedalus winter issue, 1973).
23.
Eisenstadt SN (ed.) (1987) Patterns of Modernity. New York: New York University Press.
24.
Eisenstadt SN (ed.) (2002) Multiple Modernities. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
25.
Eisenstadt SN, Schluchter W and Wittrock B (eds) ( 2001) Public Spheres and Collective Identities. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
26.
Falk R. ( 1998) The United Nations and cosmopolitan democracy: Bad dream, utopian fantasy, political project. In: Archibugi D, Held D and Köhler M (eds) Re-imagining Political Community: Studies in Cosmopolitan Democracy. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
27.
Finke R. and Stark R. ( 2005) The Churching of America, 1776-2005: Winners and Losers in Our Religious Economy. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
28.
Fukuyama F. ( 1992) The End of History and the Last Man. New York: Free Press.
29.
Iannaccone LR ( 1991) The consequences of religious market regulation: Adam Smith and the economics of religion. Rationality and Society3(2): 156-177.
30.
Habermas J. ( 1981) Die Moderne - ein unvollendetes Projekt. Kleine Politische Schriften I-IV. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp .
31.
Huntington SP ( 1991) The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
32.
Huntington SP ( 1996) The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order . New York: Simon and Schuster.
33.
Juergensmeyer M. ( 1993) The New Cold War? Religious Nationalism Confronts the Secular State. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
34.
Kaldor M. ( 1999) New and Old Wars: Organized Violence in a Global Era. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
35.
Lewis B. ( 1993) Islam and the West. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
36.
Luckmann T. ( 1967) The Invisible Religion: The Problem of Religion in Modern Society. New York: Macmillan.
37.
Marty ME and Appleby RS (eds) (1991-5) The Fundamentalism Project , 5 vols. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
38.
Masuzawa T. ( 2005) The Invention of World Religions: Or, How European Universalism Was Preserved in the Language of Pluralism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
39.
Riesebrodt M. ( 2000) Die Rückkehr der Religionen: Fundamentalismus und der ‘Kampf der Kulturen’. Munich: Verlag CH Beck.
40.
Scott D and Hirschkind C (eds) (2006) Powers of the Secular Modern . Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
41.
Stark R., Iannaccone LR and Finke R. ( 1996) Religion, science, and rationality. American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings May: 433-437.
42.
Stichweh R. ( 1991) Die Weltgesellschaft: Soziologische Analysen. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp.
43.
Tibi B. ( 1990) Islam and the Cultural Accommodation of Social Change . Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
44.
Weber M. ( 1930) The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. London: HarperCollins.
45.
Weber M. ( 1946 [1922-3]) The social psychology of the world religions. In: Gerth HH and Mills CW (eds) From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 267-301 (German orig.Die Wirtschaftsethik der Weltreligionen. Gesammelte Aufsätze zur Religionssoziologie. Tübingen: JCB Mohr, 1922-3).
46.
Weber M. ( 1952) Ancient Judaism. New York: Free Press.
47.
Weber M. ( 1967) The Religion of India: The Sociology of Hinduism and Buddhism . New York: Free Press.
48.
Weber M. ( 1968) The Religion of China: Confucianism and Taoism. New York: Free Press.
49.
Weber M. ( 1993) The Sociology of Religion. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
