This study draws on survey data collected in a country embroiled in war, Ukraine, and a post-conflict country, Guatemala, to examine the influence of traumatic events on intimate partner violence victimization. Logistic regression models revealed that experiencing pandemic stress (e.g., fears of the virus, vaccine issues, and health care concerns) and daily hassles (e.g., family issues, financial problems, and prejudice) increased the risk of physical and verbal abuse victimization in both countries. Exposure to crises such as war and genocide predicted the risk of physical abuse victimization in Guatemala. The effects of pandemic stress in Ukraine and exposure to crises in Guatemala on victimization were more pronounced among those with fewer daily hassles. Variations among demographic groups were also observed.
AgerA.BancroftC.BergerE.StarkL. (2018). Local constructions of gender-based violence amongst IDPs in northern Uganda: Analysis of archival data collected using a gender- and age-segmented participatory ranking methodology. Conflict and Health, 12(1), 10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13031-018-0140-6
2.
AgnewR. (2006). Pressured into crime. Roxbury Publishing.
BradleyS. (2018). Domestic and family violence in post-conflict communities: International human rights law and the state’s obligation to protect women and children. Health and Human Rights, 20(2), 123–136.
7.
BreidingM.BasileK. C.SmithS. G.BlackM. C.MahendraR. (2015). Intimate partner violence surveillance: Uniform definitions and recommended data elements. Atlanta.
8.
BreuschT. S.PaganA. R. (1979). A simple test for heteroscedasticity and random coefficient variation. Econometrica, 47(5), 1287.
9.
CapaldiD. M.KnobleN. B.ShorttJ. W.KimH. K. (2012). A systematic review of risk factors for intimate partner violence. Partner Abuse, 3(2), 231–280. https://doi.org/10.1891/1946-6560.3.2.231
10.
CapassoA.SkipalskaH.Chakrabar CastilloT. (2021). Patterns of gender-based violence in conflict-affected Ukraine: A descriptive analysis of internally displaced and local women receiving psychosocial services. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(23–24), NP21549–NP21572. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605211063009
11.
CaumartinC.Sánchez-AncocheaD. (2012). Explaining a contradictory record: The case of Guatemala. In LangerA.StewartF.VenugopalR. (Eds.), Horizontal inequalities and post-conflict development (pp. 158–185). Palgrave Macmillan UK. http://doi.org/10.1057/9780230348622_7
12.
ChumachenkoD.ChumachenkoT. (2022). Impact of war on the dynamics of COVID-19 in Ukraine. BMJ Global Health, 7(4), e009173. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2022-009173
13.
ConnellR. (2002). Masculinities, the reduction of violence, and the pursuit of peace. In CockburnC.ŽarkovD. (Eds.), The postwar moment: Militaries, masculinities and international peacekeeping, Bosnia, and the Netherlands (pp. 413–431). Lawrence & Wishart.
14.
CunhaO.Caridade de CastroS.RodriguesA.CruzA.PeixotoM. M. (2023). Perpetration of intimate partner violence and COVID-19-related anxiety during the second lockdown in Portugal: The mediating role of anxiety, depression, and stress. Journal of Family Violence. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-023-00498-7
15.
FisherJ. C.MasonR. J. (1981). The analysis of multicollinear data in criminology. In FoxJ. A. (Ed.), Methods in quantitative criminology (pp. 99–125). Academic Press.
16.
FroggioG.AgnewR. (2007). The relationship between crime and “objective” versus “subjective” strains. Journal of Criminal Justice, 35(1), 81–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2006.11.017
17.
GartnerR.KennedyL. (2018). War and postwar violence. Crime and Justice, 47, 1–67.
18.
GibbsA.DunkleK.RamsoomarL.WillanS.Shai JamaN.ChatterjiS.NavedR.JewkesR. (2020). New learnings on drivers of men’s physical and/or sexual violence against their female partners, and women’s experiences of this, and the implications for prevention interventions. Global Health Action, 13(1), 1739845. https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2020.1739845
19.
GreshamA. M.PetersB. J.KarantzasG.CameronL. D.SimpsonJ. A. (2021). Examining associations between COVID-19 stressors, intimate partner violence, health, and health behaviors. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 38(8), 2291–2307. https://doi.org/10.1177/02654075211012098
20.
HammettJ. F.HalmosM. B.ParrottD. J.StappenbeckC. A. (2022). COVID Stress, socioeconomic deprivation, and intimate partner aggression during the COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Public Health, 22(1), 1666. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-14093-w
21.
IesueL. (2021). COVID-19 Lockdowns and Gender-Based Violence across Ethnic Groups in Guatemala. In NiceB. GarciaPrusaA.SoledadO. (Eds.), Pathways to Justice: Gender-Based Violence and the Rule of Law (pp. 139–151). Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Latin America Program.
22.
IesueL.CasanovaF.PiqueroA. (2021). Domestic violence during a global pandemic: Lockdown policies and their impacts across Guatemala. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 68, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1177/10439862211044867
23.
IesueL.GonzálezJ.MartinezK. V. (2023). Domestic violence during COVID-19: Insights from Guatemala. In DeflemM. (Ed.), Sociology of crime, law, and deviance (pp. 43–53). Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1521-613620230000028004
24.
IesueL.LozovskaO.TimmerA.JawaidA. (2022). Who is suffering gender-based violence in Ukraine? A snapshot of domestic violence during war and a global pandemic. Ukrainian Society, 3(82), 52–63. https://doi.org/10.15407/socium2022.03.052
25.
JamiesonR. (2017). The criminology of war (1st ed.). Routledge.
JosephJ. (2017). Victims of femicide in Latin America: Legal and criminal justice responses. Temida, 20(1), 3–21. https://doi.org/10.2298/TEM1701003J
28.
KaratziasT.ShevlinM.Ben-EzraM.McElroyE.RedicanE.VangM. L.CloitreM.HoG. W. K.LorbergB.MartsenkovskyiD.HylandP. (2023). War exposure, posttraumatic stress disorder, and complex posttraumatic stress disorder among parents living in Ukraine during the Russian war. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 147(3), 276–285. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.13529
29.
KuijpersK. F.Van Der KnaapL. M.WinkelF. W. (2012). PTSD symptoms as risk factors for intimate partner violence revictimization and the mediating role of victims’ violent behavior. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 25(2), 179–186. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.21676
30.
MillerK. E.RasmussenA. (2010). War exposure, daily stressors, and mental health in conflict and post-conflict settings: Bridging the divide between trauma-focused and psychosocial frameworks. Social Science & Medicine, 70(1), 7–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.09.029
31.
NandiC.ElbertT.BambonyeM.WeierstallR.ReichertM.ZellerA.CrombachA. (2017). Predicting domestic and community violence by soldiers living in a conflict region. Psychological Trauma, 9(6), 663–671. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000262
32.
PearlinL. I.MenaghanE. G.LiebermanM. A.MullanJ. T. (1981). The stress process. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 22(4), 337.
33.
PiqueroA.JenningsW.JemisonE.KaukinenC.KnaulF. (2021). Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from a meta-analysis. Journal of Criminal Justice, 74, 101806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2021.101806
34.
RegaladoJ.TimmerA.JawaidA. (2022). Crime and deviance during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sociology Compass, 16(4), e12974. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12974
35.
RobertsB.MakhashviliN.JavakhishviliJ.KarachevskyyA.KharchenkoN.ShpikerM.RichardsonE. (2019). Mental health care utilisation among internally displaced persons in Ukraine: Results from a nation-wide survey. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 28(1), 100–111. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045796017000385
36.
RubensteinB.LuL.StarkL. (2020). Predictors of interpersonal violence in the household in humanitarian settings: A systematic review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 21(1), 31–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838017738724
37.
SemiginaT.GusakN. (2015). Armed conflict in Ukraine and social work response to it. Social, Health, and Communication Studies Journal, 2(1), 1–24. http://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4308074
38.
SmallM.SingerJ. D.SingerJ. D. (1982). Resort to arms: International and civil wars, 1816-1980 (2nd ed.). Sage.
39.
StarkL.AsgharK.YuG.BoraC.BaysaA. A.FalbK. L. (2017). Prevalence and associated risk factors of violence against conflict–affected female adolescents: A multi–country, cross–sectional study. Journal of Global Health, 7(1), 010416. https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.07.010416
40.
TestaM.LivingstonJ. A. (2009). Alcohol consumption and women’s vulnerability to sexual victimization: can reducing women’s drinking prevent rape?Substance Use & Misuse, 44(9–10), 1349–1376. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826080902961468
41.
TimmerA.AntonaccioO.BotchkovarE. V.JohnsonR. J.HughesL. A. (2023). Violent conflict in contemporary Europe: Specifying the relationship between war exposure and interpersonal violence in a war-weary country. The British Journal of Criminology, 63(1), 18–39. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azac002
42.
TimmerA.AntonaccioO.FrenchM. T.BotchkovarE. V. (2024). Youth decision-making and crime: Influences of stressful conditions, adverse mental and physical states, and conventional activities. Crime & Delinquency, 70(1), 87–125. https://doi.org/10.1177/00111287221102057
43.
TimmerA.JohnsonR.AntonaccioO.BotchkovarE.HughesL. (2023). Forced to flee out and down: Depression following the Russian invasion and displacement of the Ukrainian people. Peace and Conflict, 29(3), 266–75. https://doi.org/10.1037/pac0000689
44.
TimmerA.JohnsonR. J.AntonaccioO.BotchkovarE. V. (2022). Stress and depression as pathways between violent conflict exposure and moral beliefs: Why people sometimes condone “bad” things. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 28(2), 184–200. https://doi.org/10.1037/pac0000603
UwishemaO.SujanamulkB.AbbassM.FawazR.JavedA.AboudibK.MahmoudA.OluyemisiA.OnyeakaH. (2022). Russia-Ukraine conflict and COVID-19: A double burden for Ukraine’s healthcare system and a concern for global citizens. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 98(1162), 569–571. https://doi.org/10.1136/postgradmedj-2022-141895
48.
WalshS. D.MenjívarC. (2016). Impunity and multisided violence in the lives of Latin American women: El Salvador in comparative perspective. Current Sociology, 64(4), 586–602. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011392116640474
49.
WeldK. (2014). Paper cadavers: Archives of dictatorship in Guatemala. Duke University Press.
50.
WoldetsadikM. A. (2015). In Latin America, breaking the cycle of intimate-partner abuse one handwritten letter at a time. Rand Blog: Pardee Initiative for Global Human Progress.
51.
ZambranoL. I.Fuentes-BarahonaI. C.Henriquez-MarquezK. I.Vasquez-BonillaW. O.SierraM.Muñoz-LaraF.LunaC.Bonilla-AldanaD. K.Rodriguez-MoralesA. J. (2021). COVID-19 and Hurricanes: The impact of natural disasters during a pandemic in Honduras, Central America. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 36(2), 246–248. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049023X21000182
