Wellness and its influence on behavior is emerging as an important topic in research and policy. Moreover, it is becoming apparent that race and gender interact to create unique experiences. It is therefore essential to consider how the intersection of gender and race shapes perceptions of wellness and thereby influences behavior. Using the 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, the impact of perceptions of wellness on delinquency was examined for various gender/race groups. Results indicated that, while some wellness dimensions predicted delinquency across groups, such as psychological or occupational wellness, some were more focused by gender/race group. Implications and future research are discussed.
AdamsT. B.BeznerJ. R.DrabbsM. E.ZambaranoR. J.SteinhardtM. A. (2000). Conceptualization and measurement of the spiritual and psychological dimensions of wellness in a college population. Journal of American College Health, 48, 165–173.
2.
AgnewR.PetersenD. M. (1989). Leisure and delinquency. Social Problems, 36(4), 332–350.
3.
AllenK. R.BradleyL. (2015). Career counseling with juvenile offenders: Effects on self-efficacy and career maturity. Journal of Addictions & Offender Counseling, 36(1), 28–42.
BarnesG. M.HoffmanJ. H.WelteJ. W.FarrellM. P.DintcheffB. A. (2007). Adolescents’ time use: Effects on substance use, delinquency and sexual activity. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 36, 697–710.
8.
BermanM. S. (1989). Vision care in a juvenile detention facility. Optometry and Vision Science, 66(1), 23–25.
9.
BernascoW.RuiterS.BruinsmaG. J. N.PauwelsL. J. R.WeermanF. M. (2013). Situational causes of offending: A fixed-effects analysis of space-time budget data. Criminology, 51(4), 895–926.
Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. (2020). 2019 National Survey on Drug use and Health public use file codebook. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.
12.
CernkovichS. A.GiordanoP. C. (1992). School bonding, race, and delinquency. Criminology, 30(2), 261–291.
13.
ChangC. Y.MyersJ. E. (2003). Cultural adaptation of the wellness evaluation of lifestyle (WEL): An assessment challenge. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 35(4), 239–250.
14.
CohenM. A.PiqueroA. R.JenningsW. G. (2010). Studying the costs of crime across offender trajectories. Criminology & Public Policy, 9(2), 279–305.
15.
CrawfordP. B.GoslinerW.StrodeP.SamuelsS. E.BurnettC.CraypoL.YanceyA. K. (2004). Walking the talk: Fit WIC wellness programs improve self-efficacy in pediatric obesity prevention counseling. American Journal of Public Health, 94(9), 1480–1487.
16.
CrosnoeR.EricksonK. G.DornbuschS. M. (2002). Protective functions of family relationships and school factors on the deviant behavior of adolescent boys and girls: Reducing the impact of risky friendships. Youth & Society, 33(4), 515–544.
17.
DaigleL. E.CullenF. T.WrightJ. P. (2007). Gender differences in the predictors of juvenile delinquency: Assessing the generality-specificity debate. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 5(3), 254–286.
18.
DemuthS.BrownS. (2004). Family structure, family processes, and adolescent delinquency: The significance of parental absence versus parental gender. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 41(1), 58–81.
19.
DrerupL. C.CroysdaleA.HoffmannN. G. (2008). Patterns of behavioral health conditions among adolescents in a juvenile justice system. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 39(2), 122–128.
20.
EatonN. R.KeyesK. M.KruegerR. F.BalsisS.SkodolA. E.MarkonK. E.GrantB. F.HasinD. S. (2011). An invariant dimensional liability model of gender differences in mental disorder prevalence: Evidence from a national sample. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 121(1), 282–288.
21.
ElliottE. S.AgetonS. S. (1980). Reconciling race and class differences in self-reported and official estimates of delinquency. American Sociological Review, 45(1), 95–110.
22.
FishbeinD.MillerS.WinnD. M.DakofG. (2009). Biopsychological factors, gender, and delinquency. In ZahnM. A. (Ed.), The delinquent girl (pp. 84–106). Temple University Press.
23.
GottfredsonD. C. (1986). An empirical test of school-based environmental and individual interventions to reduce the risk of delinquent behavior. Criminology, 24(4), 705–731.
24.
GroppL.GeldenhuysD.VisserD. (2007). Psychological wellness constructs: Relationships and group differences. South African Journal of Industrial Psychology, 33(3), 24–34.
25.
HancockK. (2017). Facility operations and juvenile recidivism. Journal of Juvenile Justice, 6(1), 1–14.
HirschiT. (1969). Causes of delinquency. University of California Press.
29.
HoebenE. M.MeldrumR. C.WalkerD.YoungJ. T. N. (2016). The role of peer delinquency and unstructured socializing in explaining delinquency and substance use: A state-of-the-art review. Journal of Criminal Justice, 47, 108–122.
30.
HoffmannJ. P.XuJ. (2002). School activities, community service, and delinquency. Crime & Delinquency, 48(4), 568–591.
31.
JacksonD. B.VaughnM. G. (2020). Theorizing the role of health and health disparities in the life-course criminological paradigm. In VaughnM. G.Salas-WrightC. P.JacksonD. B. (Eds.), Routledge international handbook of delinquency and health (pp. 3–15). Routledge.
32.
JacksonP. B.WilliamsD. R. (2006). The intersection of race, gender, and SES: Health paradoxes. In SchulzA. J.MullingsL. (Eds.), Gender, race, class, & heath: Intersectional approaches (pp. 131–162). Jossey Bass.
33.
JaggersJ. W.RobisonS. B.RhodesJ. L. F.GuanX.ChurchW. T.II. (2015). Predicting adult criminality among Louisiana’s urban youth: Poverty, academic risk, and delinquency. Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research, 7(1), 89–116.
34.
JungerM.StroebeW.van der LaanA. M. (2001). Delinquency, health behavior and health. British Journal of Health Psychology, 6, 103–120.
35.
KaplanS. A.MaddenV. P.MijanovichT.PurcaroE. (2013). The perception of stress and its impact on health in poor communities. Journal of Community Health, 38, 142–149.
36.
KellowJ. T. (2006). Using principal components analysis in program evaluation: Some practical considerations. Journal of Multidisciplinary Evaluation, 5, 89–107.
37.
KellyP. E.PolaninJ. R.JangS. J.JohnsonB. R. (2015). Religion, delinquency, and drug use: A meta-analysis. Criminal Justice Review, 40(4), 505–523.
38.
KimD. H.HartyJ.TakahashiL.VoisinD. R. (2018). The protective effects of religious beliefs on behavioral health factors among low income African American adolescents in Chicago. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 27, 355–364.
39.
KimJ. Y.RichJ.ZierlerS.LourieK.VigilanteK.NormandieL.SneadM.RenziJ.Bury-MaynardD.LobertiP.RichmanR.FlaniganT. P. (1997). Successful community follow-up and reduced recidivism in HIV positive women prisoners. Journal of Correctional Health Care, 4, 5–17.
40.
LariscyJ. T.TasmimS.CollinsS. (2020). Racial and ethnic disparities in health. In GuD.DupreM. E. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Gerontology and Population Aging (pp. 4128–4136). Springer.
41.
LiuL.MillerS. L. (2020). Protective factors against juvenile delinquency: Exploring gender with a nationally representative sample of youth. Social Science Research, 86, 102376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2019.102376
42.
MaguinE.LoeberR. (1996). Academic performance and delinquency. Crime and Justice, 20, 145–264.
43.
MahajanS.CaraballoC.LuY.Valero-ElizondoJ.MasseyD.AnnapureddyA.RoyB.RileyC.MurugiahK.OnumanO.Nunez-SmithM.FormanH. P.NasirK.HerrinJ.KrumholzH. M. (2021). Trends in differences in health status and health care access and affordability by race and ethnicity in the United States, 1999–2018. Journal of the American Medical Association, 326(7), 637–648.
44.
MannE. A.ReynoldsA. J. (2006). Early intervention and juvenile delinquency prevention: Evidence from the Chicago longitudinal study. Social Work Research, 30(3), 153–167.
45.
MaywormA. M.SharkeyJ. D. (2013). Gender-specific mental health outcomes of a community-based delinquency intervention. Journal of Juvenile Justice, 3(1), 15–35.
46.
McGillK. A.StefurakT. (2021). “Man up”: Sex-differentiated pathways of juvenile delinquency Through trauma, borderline traits & offense patterns. Juvenile & Family Court Journal, 72(3), 37–65.
47.
McGuireM. G. (2012). Race, gender, and social support: A study of networks in a financial services organization. Sociological Focus, 45, 320–337.
48.
MeadowsS. O. (2007). Evidence of parallel pathways: Gender similarity in the impact of social support on adolescent depression and delinquency. Social Forces, 85(3), 1143–1167.
49.
MullingsL.SchulzA. J. (2006). Intersectionality and health: An introduction. In SchulzA. J.MullingsL. (Eds.), Gender, race, class, & heath: Intersectional approaches (pp. 3–17). Jossey Bass.
OsgoodD. W.AndersonA. L. (2004). Unstructured socializing and rates of delinquency. Criminology, 42(3), 519–549.
53.
OuseyG. C.SohoniT. W. P. (2020). Racial disparities in health and justice system exposure: Patterns and explanations. In VaughnM. G.Salas-WrightC. P.JacksonD. B. (Eds.), Routledge international handbook of delinquency and health (pp. 33–49). Routledge.
Pew Research Center. (2015). America’s changing religious landscape. Author.
58.
PiqueroN. L.SealockM. D. (2010). Race, crime, and general strain theory. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 8(3), 170–186.
59.
RacheleJ. N.WashingtonT. L.CuddihyT. F.BarwaisF. A.McPhailS. M. (2013). Valid and reliable assessment of wellness among adolescents: Do you know what you’re measuring?International Journal of Wellbeing, 3(2), 162–172.
60.
SheuM.HoganJ.AllsworthJ.SteinM.VlahovD.SchoenbaumE. E.SchumanP.GardnerL.FlaniganT. (2002). Continuity of medical care and risk of incarceration in HIV-positive and high-risk HIV-negative women. Journal of Women’s Health, 11(8), 743–750.
61.
SkorikovV.VondracekF. W. (2007). Positive career orientation as an inhibitor of adolescent problem behavior. Journal of Adolescence, 30(1), 131–146.
62.
SloanM. M.NewhouseR. J. E.ThompsonA. B. (2013). Counting on coworkers: Race, social support, and emotional experiences on the job. Social Psychology Quarterly, 76(4), 343–372.
63.
StroutK. A.HowardE. P. (2012). The six dimensions of wellness and cognition in aging adults. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 30(3), 195–204.
64.
TestaA.JacksonD. B. (2021). Race, ethnicity, WIC participation, and infant health disparities in the United States. Annals of Epidemiology, 58, 22–28.
65.
ThompsonK. C.MorrisR. J. (2013). Predicting recidivism among juvenile delinquents: Comparison of risk factors for male and female offenders. Journal of Juvenile Justice, 3(1), 36–47.
66.
Timmons-MitchellJ.BrownC.SchulzS. C.WebsterS. E.UnderwoodL. A.SempleW. E. (1998). Comparing the mental health needs of female and male incarcerated juvenile delinquents. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 15(2), 195–202.
67.
WaidmannT. A.RajanS. (2000). Race and ethnic disparities in health care access and utilization: An examination of state variation. Medical Care Research and Review, 57 (Sup1), 55–84.
68.
WangT.ShiL.NieX.ZhuJ. (2013). Race/ethnicity, insurance, income and access to care: The influence of health status. International Journal for Equity in Health, 12, 29. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-9276-12-29
69.
ZahnM. A.AgnewR.FishbeinD.MillerS.WinnD.DruttschnittC.GiordanoP.GottfredsonD. C.PayneA. A.FeldB. C.Chesney-LindM. (2010). Causes and correlates of girls’ delinquency [NCJ226358]. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
