A neighborhood-level model of crime that connects the central dimensions of social capital with specific forms of social control is developed. The proposed model is tested using a structural equation model that predicts changes in empirical Bayes log odds of neighborhood victimization rates between 2000 and 2001 in 41 neighborhoods in South Carolina. Results support the integrated model and illustrate the importance of including direct measures of social control in neighborhood models of crime. Although the dimensions of social capital are related to private, parochial, and public controls, the relationships among these concepts are not consistent. Instead, the relationships vary in strength and direction.
Berkowitz, B. ( 2000). Community and neighborhood organization. In J. Rappaport & E. Seidman (Eds.), Handbook of community psychology (pp. 331-357). New York: Plenum.
3.
Beyerlein, K., & Hipp, J.R. ( 2005). Social capital, too much of a good thing? American religious traditions and community crime. Social Forces, 84(2), 995-1013.
4.
Black, D. ( 1976). The behavior of law. New York: Academic Press.
5.
Black, D. ( 1998). The elementary forms of conflict management. In D. Black (Ed.), The social structure of right and wrong (pp. 74-94 ). New York: Academic Press.
6.
Braithwaite, J. ( 1989). Crime, shame, and reintegration. New York: Cambridge University Press.
7.
Browning, C.R., Feinberg, S.L., & Dietz, R.D. ( 2004). The paradox of social organization: Networks, collective efficacy, and violent crime in urban neighborhoods. Social Forces, 83, 503-534.
8.
Bursik, R.J., & Grasmick, H.G. (1993). Neighborhoods and crime: The dimensions of effective community control. New York : Lexington.
9.
Bursik, R.J., & Grasmick, H.G. (1995). Neighborhood-based networks and the control of crime and delinquency. In H. Barlow (Ed.), Crime and public policy: Putting theory to work (pp. 103-130). Boulder, CO: Westview .
10.
Cohen, L.E., & Felson, M. ( 1979). Social change and crime rate trends: A routine activity approach. American Sociological Review, 44, 588-608.
Ferman, B., & Kaylor, P. ( 2001). Building the spatial community: A case study of neighborhood institutions. Policy Studies, 18, 53-70.
13.
Fox, J. ( 1997). Applied regression analysis, linear models, and related methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage .
14.
Galea, S., Tremblay, R.E., & Larocque, D. ( 2002). Social capital and violence in the United States, 1974-1993 . Social Science and Medicine, 55, 1373-1383.
15.
Grinc, R.M. ( 1994). Angles in marble: Problems in stimulating community involvement in community policing. Crime and Delinquency, 40, 437-468.
16.
Harkness, J., & Newman, S.J. ( 2002). Homeownership for the poor in distressed neighborhoods: Does this make sense? Housing Policy Debate, 13, 597-630.
17.
Hawdon, J., & Ryan, J. ( 2003). Police-resident interactions and satisfaction with police: An test of community policing assertions. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 14, 55-74.
18.
Hawdon, J.E., Ryan, J., & Griffin, S. ( 2003). Policing tactics and perceptions of police legitimacy . Police Quarterly, 6, 469-491.
19.
Hawdon, J.E., Ryan, J., & Mobley, C. ( 2000). An evaluation of community anti-violence programs: Implications of some preliminary findings. Journal of Community Research , 10, 163-185.
20.
Hemenway, D., Kennedy, B.P., Kawachi, I., & Putnam, R.D. ( 2001). Firearm prevalence and social capital. Annals of Epidemiology, 11, 484-490.
21.
Hunter, A.J. ( 1985). Private, parochial, and public social orders: The problem of crime and incivility in urban communities. In G. D. Suttles & M. N. Zald (Eds.), The challenge of social control: Citizenship and institution building in modern society (pp. 230-242). Norwood, NJ: Ablex .
22.
Kawachi, I., Kennedy, B.P., & Wilkinson. ( 1999). Crime: Social disorganization and relative deprivation . Social Science and Medicine, 48, 719-731.
23.
Kennedy, B., Kawachi, I., Prothrow-Stith, D., Lochner, K., & Vanita, G. ( 1998). Social capital, income inequality, and firearm violent crime. Social Science and Medicine, 47, 7-17.
24.
Lederman, D., Loayza, N., & Mendendez, A.M. (2002). Violent crime: Does social capital matter? Economic Development and Cultural Change, 50, 509-539.
25.
Lehrer, E. ( 2000). Crime-fighting and urban renewal. Public Interest, 141, 91-103.
26.
Lindstrom, P. ( 2001). School violence: A multi-level perspective. International Review of Victimology, 8, 141-158.
27.
Lowenkamp, C.T., Cullen, F.T., & Pratt, T.C. ( 2003). Replicating Sampson and Grove’s test of social disorganization theory: Revisiting a criminological classic. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 40, 351-373.
28.
Mardia, K.V. ( 1970). Measures of multivariate skewness and kurtosis with applications . Biometrika, 57, 519-530.
29.
Martin, D. ( 2002). Spatial patterns in residential burglary: Assessing the effect of neighborhood social capital. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 18, 132-146.
30.
Messner, S.F., Baumer, E.P., & Rosenfeld, R. ( 2004). Dimensions of social capital and rates of criminal homicide . American Sociological Review, 69(6), 882-903.
31.
Morenoff, J.D., & Sampson, R.J. ( 1997). Violent crime and the spatial dynamics of neighborhood transition: Chicago, 1970-1990. Social Forces, 76(1), 31-64.
32.
O’Campo, P. ( 2003). Invited commentary: Advancing theory and methods for multilevel models of residential neighborhoods and health. American Journal of Epidemiology, 157(1), 9-13.
33.
Pack, J.R. ( 1998). Poverty and urban public expenditures. Urban Studies, 35, 1995-1997.
34.
Putnam, R.D. ( 1993). Making democracy work: Civic traditions in modern Italy . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
35.
Putnam, R.D. ( 2000). Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community . New York: Simon and Schuster.
36.
Rabe-Hesketh, S., & Skrondal, A. ( 2005). Multilevel and longitudinal modeling using Stata. College Station, TX: Stata.
37.
Rog, D., Boback, N., Barton-Villagrana, H., Marrone-Bennett, P., Cardwell, J., Hawdon, J., et al. (2004). Sustaining collaboratives: A cross-site analysis of the National Funding Collaborative on Violence Prevention. Evaluation and Program Planning, 27(3), 249-261.
38.
Rose, D.R. ( 2000). Social disorganization and parochial control: Religious institutions and their communities. Sociological Forum, 15, 339-358.
39.
Rosenfeld, R., Messner, S.F., & Baumer, E.P. ( 2001). Social capital and homicide. Social Forces , 80(1), 283-309.
40.
Saegert, S., & Winkel, G. ( 2004). Crime, social capital and community participation. American Journal of Community Psychology, 34, 219-234.
41.
Sampson, R.J. ( 1987). Urban Black violence: The effect of male joblessness and family disruption. American Journal of Sociology, 93(2), 348-382.
42.
Sampson, R.J. ( 2001). Crime and public safety: Insights from community-level perspectives on social capital. In S. Saegert , J. P. Thompson, & M. R. Warren, Social capital and poor communities (pp. 89-114). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
43.
Sampson, R.J., & Groves, W.B. ( 1989). Community structure and crime: Testing social disorganization theory. American Journal of Sociology, 94, 774-802.
44.
Sampson, R.J., Morenoff, J.D., & Earls, F. ( 1999). Beyond social capital: Spatial dynamics of collective efficacy for children. American Sociological Review, 64(5), 633-660.
45.
Sampson, R.J., Raudenbush, S.W., & Earls, F. ( 1997). Neighborhoods and violent crime. Science , 277, 918-924.
46.
Schieman, S. ( 2005). Residential stability and the social impact of neighborhood disadvantage: A study of gender- and race-contingent effects. Social Forces, 83, 1031-1064.
47.
Shaw, C.R. ( 1931). Delinquency areas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
48.
Shaw, C.R., & McKay, H.D. (1972). Juvenile delinquency and urban areas (3rd ed.). Chicago : Chicago University Press. (Original work published 1942)
49.
Sherman, L.W. ( 1997). Communities and crime prevention. In L. W. Sherman, D. Gottfredson , D. MacKenzie, J. E. Eck, P. Reuter, & S. Bushway (Eds.), Preventing crime: What works, what doesn’t, what’s promising (pp. 62-115). Washington, DC: Department of Justice.
50.
Stoll, M.A. ( 2001). Race, neighborhood poverty, and participation in voluntary associations. Sociological Forum, 16, 529-557.
51.
Villareal, A., & Silva, B.F.A. ( 2006). Social cohesion, criminal victimization and perceived risk of crime in Brazilian neighborhoods. Social Forces, 84, 1725-1753.
52.
Warner, B.D., & Rountree, P.W. (1997). Local social ties in a community and crime model: Questioning the systemic nature of informal social control. Social Problems, 44, 520-537.
53.
Wilson, W.J. ( 1996). When work disappears: The world of the new urban poor (1sted.). New York: Knopf.
