Value conflict is at the heart of opposition to multiculturalism in Europe. Yet previous studies have not established which type of value conflict generates more anti-immigrant bias. We present a simple, cost-effective, and easily scalable experimental design to test how anti-immigrant bias responds to perceptions of value conflict generated by violations of welfare state norms and gender equity norms. Both types of norms are central to public debates about immigration in Europe. We collect new data from three European countries on natives’ beliefs regarding immigrants as likely violators of these norms, and we measure the salience of these norms in native society. We find that natives do not always sanction immigrants more for norm violations and their reactions to norm adherence or violations are consistent with a logic of “updating” for high-salience norms in countries where norm adherence is itself a norm.
AlesinaA.MianoA.StanchevaS. (2023). Immigration and redistribution. The Review of Economic Studies, 90(1), 1–39.
2.
AlesinaA.MurardE.RapoportH. (2021). Immigration and preferences for redistribution in Europe. Journal of Economic Geography, 21(6), 925–954. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbab002
3.
AlrababaA.MarbleW.MousaS.SiegelA. A. (2021). Can exposure to celebrities reduce prejudice? The effect of Mohamed Salah on Islamophobic behaviors and attitudes. American Political Science Review, 115(4), 1111–1128. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0003055421000423
4.
AronA.AronE. N.SmollanD. (1992). Inclusion of other in the self scale and the structure of interpersonal closeness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63(4), 596–612. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.63.4.596
5.
BalafoutasL.NikiforakisN.RockenbachB. (2012). Norm enforcement in the city: A natural field experiment. European Economic Review, 56(8), 1773–1785. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2012.09.008
6.
BalafoutasL.NikiforakisN.RockenbachB. (2014). Direct and indirect punishment among strangers in the field. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(45), 15924–15927. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1413170111
7.
ChoiD. D.PoertnerM.SambanisN. (2019). Parochialism, social norms, and discrimination against immigrants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(33), 16274–16279. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1820146116
8.
ChoiD. D.PoertnerM.SambanisN. (2022). Native bias: Overcoming discrimination against immigrants. Princeton University Press.
9.
ChoiD. D.PoertnerM.SambanisN. (2023). The hijab penalty: Feminist backlash to Muslim immigrants. American Journal of Political Science, 67(2), 291–306. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12627
10.
DahlbergM.EdmarkK.LundqvistH. (2012). Ethnic diversity and preferences for redistribution. Journal of Political Economy, 120(1), 41–76. https://doi.org/10.1086/665800
11.
DimantE. (2024). Hate trumps love: The impact of political polarization on social preferences. Management Science, 70(1), 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.4701
12.
DustmannC.PrestonI.TheB. E. (2007). Racial and economic factors in attitudes to immigration. Journal of Economic Analysis and Policy, 7(1), 1.
13.
EgerM. A. (2010). Even in Sweden: The effect of immigration on support for welfare state spending. European Sociological Review, 26(2), 203–217. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcp017
14.
FarrisS. R. (2017). In the name of women’s rights: The rise of femonationalism. Duke University Press.
15.
GächterS.StarmerC.TufanoF. (2015). Measuring the Vloseness of relationships: A comprehensive evaluation of the ’inclusion of the other in the self’ scale. PLoS One, 10(1), 1.
16.
GerberA. S.HuberG. A.BiggersD. R.HendryD. J. (2017). Self-interest, beliefs, and policy opinions: Understanding how economic beliefs affect immigration policy preferences. Political Research Quarterly, 70(1), 155–171. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912916684032
17.
GreenwaldA. G.PoehlmanT. A.UhlmannE. L.BanajiM. R. (2009). Understanding and using the implicit association test: III. Meta-analysis of predictive validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97(1), 17–41. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015575
HalmW.HopkinsD. J.KrakowskiK.SambanisN. (2023). Economic strain does not reduce support for Ukrainian refugees in Poland and Germany. SSRN.
20.
HastieR.KumarP. A. (1979). Person memory: Personality traits as organizing principles in memory for behaviors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(1), 25–38. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.37.1.25
21.
HelblingM.TraunmüllerR. (2018). What is Islamophobia? Disentangling citizens’ feelings toward ethnicity, religion and religiosity using a survey experiment. British Journal of Political Science, 50(3), 811–828. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007123418000054
22.
HopkinsD.GortonT. (2023). On the internet, No one knows you’re an activist: Patterns of participation and response in an online. Opt-in Survey Panel.
23.
IyengarS.JackmanS.MessingS.ValentinoN.AalbergT.DuchR.HahnK. S.SorokaS. H. A.HarellA.KobayashiT. (2013). Do attitudes about immigration predict willingness to admit individual immigrants?Political Research Quarterly, 77(3), 641–665. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nft024
24.
KeuschniggM.WolbringT. (2015). Disorder, social capital, and norm violation: Three field experiments on the broken windows thesis. Rationality and Society, 27(1), 96–126. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043463114561749
25.
KrakowskiK. K.KyrkopoulouE.ReinhardtL.SambanisN. (2024). Replication data for: Good citizenship and native-immigrant conflict: Experimental evidence from Europe. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/JKPIK2
26.
LarsenC. A. (2011). Ethnic heterogeneity and public support for welfare: Is the American experience replicated in Britain, Sweden and Denmark?Scandinavian Political Studies, 34(4), 332–353. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9477.2011.00276.x
27.
MaC. (2015). The Chicago Face Database: A free stimulus set of faces and norming data. Behavior Research Methods, 47(x), 1122—–1135.
RojahnK.PettigrewT. F. (1992). Memory for schema-relevant information: A meta-analytic resolution. British Journal of Social Psychology, 31 ( Pt 2)(2), 81–109. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.1992.tb00958.x
30.
SambanisN. (2023). Civic norms, national identity. In Native bias: Experimental evidence from Greece.
31.
SnidermanP. M. (2002). Peri Pierangelo, Rui de Figueiredo and Thomas Piazza. In The outsider: Prejudice and politics in Italy. Princeton University Press.
32.
SnidermanP. M.HagendoornL. (2007). When ways of life collide: Multiculturalism and its discontents in The Netherlands. Princeton University Press.
33.
SnidermanP. M.HagendoornL.PriorM. (2004). Predisposing factors and situational triggers: Exclusionary reactions to immigrant minorities. American Political Science Review, 98(1), 35–49. https://doi.org/10.1017/s000305540400098x
34.
SrullT. K. (1981). Person memory: Some tests of associative storage and retrieval models. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning & Memory, 7(6), 440–463. https://doi.org/10.1037//0278-7393.7.6.440
35.
SrullT. K.LichtensteinM.RothbartM. (1985). Associative storage and retrieval processes in person memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 11(2), 316–345. https://doi.org/10.1037//0278-7393.11.2.316
36.
TeeleD. L.KallaJ.RosenbluthF. (2018). The ties that double bind: Social roles and women’s underrepresentation in politics. American Political Science Review, 112(3), 525–541. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0003055418000217
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
