Infant Botulism

Van Ermengem E. Ueber einen neuen anaeroben Bacillus und seine Beziehungen zum Botulismus. Z Hyg. 1897;26:1-56. Translated in: Desch S. Rev Infect Dis. 1979;1:701-719.

Midura TF , Arnon SS Infant botulism: identification of Clostridium botulinum and its toxin in faeces. Lancet. 1976; 2:934-936.

PicketJ. , Berg B. , Chaplin E. , Brunstetter-Shafer MA Syndrome of botulism in infancy: clinical and electrophysiologic study . NEngl J Med. 1976;295:770-772.

Wilson R. , Morris JG , Snyder JD , Feldman RA Clinical characteristics of infant botulism in the United States: a study of the non-California cases. Pediatr Infect Dis. 1982;1:148-150.

Arnon SS , Damus K. , Chin J. Infant botulism: epidemiology and relation to sudden infant death syndrome . Epidemiol Rev. 1981;3:45-66.

Arnon SS , Midura TF , Damus K. , et al. Intestinal infection and toxin production by Clostridium botulinum as one cause of sudden infant death syndrome. Lancet. 1978;1:1273-1278.

Sonnabend Oar , Sonnabend Wff , Krech U. , et al. Continuous microbiological and pathological study of 70 sudden and unexpected infant deaths: toxigenic intestinal Clostridium botulinum infection in 9 cases of sudden infant death syndrome. Lancet. 1985 ; 1:237-241.

Byard RW , Moore L. , Bourne AJ , et al. Clostridium botulinum and suddent infant death syndrome: a 10 year prospective study. J Pediatr Child Health. 1992; 28:156-157.

Midura TF , Snowden S. , Wood RM , Arnon SS Isolation of Clostridum botulinum from honey. J Clin Microbiol. 1979;9:282-283.

Arnon SS , Midura TF , Clay SA , et al. Infant botulism: epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory aspects . JAMA. 1977;237:1946-1951.

Oguma K. , Yokota K. , Hayashi S. , et al. Infant botulism due to Clostridum botulinum type C toxin. Lancet. 1990;336: 1449-1450.

Aureli P. , Fenicia L. , Pasolini B. , et al. Two cases of type E infant botulism caused by neurotoxigenic Clostridium butyricum in Italy. J Infect Dis. 1986;154:207-211.

McCroskey L. , Hatheway C. , Fenicia L. , et al. Characterization of an organism that produces type E botulinal toxin but which resembles Clostridium butyricum from the feces of an infant with type E botulism. J Clin Microbiol. 1986;23:201-202.

Hall J. , McCroskey L. , Pincomb, B. , Hatheway CL Isolation of an organism resembling Clostridium beratiwhich produces type F botulinal toxin from an infant with botulism. J Clin Microbiol. 1985;21:654-655.

Hoffman R. , Pincomb B. , Skeels M. , Burkhart MJ Type F infant botulism. Am J Dis Child. 1982 ;136:270-271.

Wilcke B. , Midura T. , Arnon S. Quantitative evidence of intestinal colonization by Clostridium botulinum in four cases of infant botulism. J Infect Dis. 1980; 141:419-423.

Mivazak S. , Sakaguchi G. Experimental botulism in chickens: the cecum as the site of production and absorption of botulinal toxin. Jpn J Med Sci Biol. 1978;31:1-15.

Mills DC , Arnon SS The large intestine as the site of Clostridium botulinum colonization in human infant botulism. J Infect Dis. 1987 ;156:997-998.

Simpson LL The origin, structure and pharmacological activity of botulinum toxin . Pharmacol Rev. 1981;33:155-188.

Kao I. , Drachman D. , Price D. Botulinum toxin: mechanism of presynaptic blockage. Science . 1976;193:1256-1258.

Schreiner MS , Field E. , Ruddy R. Infant botulism: a review of 12 years' experience at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia . Pediatrics. 1991;87:159-165.

Spika JS , Shaffner N. , Hargrett-Bean N. , et al. Risk factors for infant botulism in the United States. Am J Dis Child. 1989;143:828-832.

Long SS , Gajewski JL , Brown LW , Gilligan PH Clinical, laboratory, and environmental features of infant botulism in Southeastern Pennsylvania. Pediatrics. 1985;75:935-941.

Chia JK , Clark JB , Ryan CA , Pollack M. Botulism in an adult associated with food-borne intestinal infection with Clostridium botulinum. N Engl J Med. 1986;315:239-241.

McCroskey LM , Hatheway CL Laboratory findings in adult botulism cases that suggest colonization of the intestinal tract. In: Abstracts of the 86th annual meeting of the American Society for Microbiology . Washington, DC : American Society for Microbiology ; 1986:275. Abstract.

Long SS Epidemiologic study of infant botulism in Pennsylvania: report of the Infant Botulism Study Group. Pediatrics. 1985;75:928-934.

Arnon SS , Damus K. , Thompson B. , et al. Protective role of human milk against sudden death from infant botulism. J Pediatr. 1982;100:568-573.

Thompson JA , Glasgow LA , Warpinski JR , Olson C. Infant botulism: clinical spectrum and epidemiology . Pediatrics. 1980;66:936-942.

Yoshioka H. , Iseki K. , Fujita K. Development and differences of intestinal flora in the neonatal period in breast-fed and bottle-fed infants. Pediatrics. 1983; 72: 317-321.

Stark PL , Lee A. Clostridia isolated from the feces of infants during the first year of life . J Pediatr. 1982;100:362-365.

Bullen CL , Tearle PV , Stewart MG The effect of humanized milks and supplemented breast feedings on the faecal flora of infants. J Med Microbiol. 1977; 10:403-413.

Long SS , Swenson RM Development of anaerobic fecal flora in healthy newborn infants. J Pediatr. 1977;91:298-301.

Mata LJ , Mejicanes ML , Jimenez F. Studies on the indigenous gastrointestinal flora of Guatemalan children . Am J Clin Nutr. 1972;25:1380-1390.

Long S. Botulism in infancy. PediatrDis. 1984 ;3:266-271.

Meyer KF , Dubovsky BJ The distribution of spores of B. botulinus in the United States. J Infect Dis. 1922;31:559-594.

Istre GR , Compton R. , Novotny T. , et al. Infant botulism: three cases in a small town. Am J Dis Child. 1986; 140:1013-1014.

L'Hommedieu CL , Polin RA Progression of clinical signs in severe infant botulism. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 1980;20: 90-95.

Waud BE Neuromuscular Blocking Agents. In series: Current Problems in Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine. Chicago, IL: Year Book Medical Publishers ; 1977;4:18.

L'Hommedieu C. , Stough R. , Brown L. , et al. Potentiation of neuromuscular weakness in infant botulism by aminoglycosides. J Pediatr. 1979;95:1065-1070.

Miller RD Antagonism of neuromuscular blockade. Anesthesiology . 1976; 44: 318-329.

Waud BE , Waud DR The margin of safety neuromuscular transmission in the muscle of the diaphragm . Anesthesiology. 1972;37:417.

Johnson R. , Clay S. , Arnon S. Diagnosis and management of infant botulism.

Am J Dis Child. 1979;133:586-593.

Roland EH , Ebelt VJ , Anderson JD , Hill A. Infant botulism: a rare entity in Canada? Can Med Assoc J. 1986; 135:130-131.

Hatheway CL Laboratory procedures for cases of suspected infant botulism. Rev Infect Dis. 1979;1:647-651.

Hatheway CL Personal communication, 1993.

Martin R. Personal communication, 1993.

Cornblath D. , Sladky J. , Sumner A. Clinical electrophysiology of infantile botulism . Muscle Nerve. 1983 ;6:448-451.

Graf WD , Hays RM , Astley SJ , Mendelman PM Electrodiagnosis reliability in the diagnosis of infant botulism. J Pediatr. 1992;120:747-749.

Frankovich TL , Arnon SS Clinical trial of botulism immune globulin for infant botulism. West J Med. 1991;154:103.

Santos JI , Swenson P. , Glasgow LA Potentiation of Clostridum botulinum toxin by aminoglycoside antibiotics: clinical and laboratory observations. Pediatrics. 1981;68:50-54.

Glauser TA , Maguire HC , Sladky JT Relapse of infant botulism. Ann Neurol. 1990 ;28:187-189.