Bacterial Meningitis in Children: Diagnosis and Therapy

Schlech WF III, Ward JI , Band JD , et al. Bacterial meningitis in the United States, 1978 through 1981: The National Bacterial Meningitis Surveillance Study. JAMA 1985; 253:1749-54.

Kaplan SL , Feigin RD Clinical presentations, prognostic factors and diagnosis of bacterial meningitis. Bacterial Meningitis. In: Sande MA , Smith AL , Root RK , eds. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1985;6:83.

Klein JO , Marcy SM Bacterial sepsis and meningitis. Infectious Diseases of the Fetus and Newborn Infant. In: Remington JS , Klein JO , eds. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1983;20:679.

Kline MW , Lorin MI Bacteremia in children afebrile at presentation to an emergency room. Pediatr Infect Dis 1987;6:197-8.

Nguyen QV , Nguyen EA , Weiner LB Incidence of invasive bacterial disease in children with fever and petechiae . Pediatrics 1984;74:77-80.

Nelson JD , Ginsburg CM An hypothesis in the pathogenesis of Hemophilus influenzae buccal cellulitis . J Pediatr 1976;88:709-10.

Rotbart HA , Glode MP Haemophilus influenzae type b septic arthritis in children: Report of 23 cases . Pediatrics 1985;75:254-9.

Eldadah M. , Frenkel LD , Hiatt IM , et al. Evaluation of routine lumbar puncture in newborn infants with respiratory distress syndrome. Pediatr Infect Dis 1987; 6:243-5.

Visser VE , Hall RT Lumbar puncture in the evaluation of suspected neonatal sepsis. J Pediatr 1980;96:1063-7.

Joffe A. , McCormick M. , DeAngelis C. Which children with febrile seizures need lumbar puncture? Am J Dis Child 1983;137:1153-6.

Portnoy JM , Olson LC Normal cerebrospinal fluid values in children: Another look. Pediatrics 1985;75:484-7.

Fishbein DB , Palmer DL , Porter KM , et al. Bacterial meningitis in the absence of CSF pleocytosis. Arch Intern Med 1981;141:1369-72.

Powers WJ Cerebrospinal fluid lymphocytosis in acute bacterial meningitis. Am J Med 1985;79:216-20.

La Scolea LJ Jr, Dryja D. Quantitation of bacteria in cerebrospinal fluid and blood of children with meningitis and its diagnostic significance . J Clin Microbiol 1984;19:187-90.

Feldman WE Concentrations of bacteria in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with bacterial meningitis. J Pediatr 1976;88:549-52.

Feldman WE Relation of concentrations of bacteria and bacterial antigen in cerebrospinal fluid to prognosis in patients with bacterial meningitis. N Engl J Med 1977;296:433-5.

Feldman WE , Ginsburg CM , McCracken GH Jr, et al. Relation of concentrations of Haemophilus influenzae type b in cerebrospinal fluid to late sequelae of patients with meningitis. J Pediatr 1982;100:209-12.

Winkelstein JA The influence of partial treatment with penicillin on the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis. J Pediatr 1970;77:619-24.

Hoban DJ , Witwicki E. , Hammond GW Bacterial antigen detection in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with meningitis . Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1985;3:373-9.

La Scolea LJ Jr, Rosales SV , Ogra PL Haemophilus influenzae type b infection in childhood: History of bacteremia and antigenemia. Infect Immun 1985;50:753-6.

Spinola SM , Sheaffer CI , Philbrick KB , et al. Antigenuria after Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide immunization: A prospective study. J Pediatr 1986; 109:835-8.

Komorowski RA , Farmer SG , Knox KK Comparison of cerebrospinal fluid C-reactive protein and lactate for diagnosis of meningitis. J Clin Microbiol 1986;24:982-5.

Vargas-Origel A. , Abrego-Morales R. , Martinez MC , et al. Independent changes in cerebrospinal fluid and in blood pH and lactate concentrations in children with purulent meningitis. Neuropediatrics 1983;14:160-3.

Pavlakis SG , McCormick KL , Bromberg K. , et al. Cerebrospinal fluid anion gap in meningitis . J Pediatr 1980;96:874-6.

Lin CY , Ishida M. Elevation of cAMP levels in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with neonatal meningitis. Pediatrics 1983;71:932-4.

Dwelle TL , Dunkle LM , Blair L. Correlation of cerebrospinal fluid endotoxinlike activity with clinical and laboratory variables in gram-negative bacterial meningitis in children. J Clin Microbiol 1987;25:856-8.

Goitein KJ , Tamir I. Cerebral perfusion pressure in central nervous system infections of infancy and childhood. J Pediatr 1983;103:40-3.

Kaplan SL , Feigin RD The syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone in children with bacterial meningitis. J Pediatr 1978;92:758-61.

Ward J. Antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae: Clinical and epidemiologic aspects. Rev Infect Dis 1981 ;3:254-66.

Campos J. , Garcia-Tornel S. , Gairi JM , et al. Multiply resistant Haemophilus influenzae type b causing meningitis: Comparative clinical and laboratory study. J Pediatr 1986;108:897-902.

Scheld WM Theoretical and practical considerations of antibiotic therapy for bacterial meningitis. Pediatr Infect Dis 1985;4:74-83.

Schaad UB , McCracken GH Jr. Pharmacologic basis for antimicrobial therapy of neonatal meningitis. Helv Pediatr Acta 1981;36:19-30.

McCracken GH Jr, Threkeld N. , Mize S. , et al. Moxalactam therapy for neonatal meningitis due to gram-negative enteric bacilli. JAMA 1984;252:1427-32.

Naqvi SH , Maxwell MA , Dunkle LM Cefotaxime therapy of neonatal gram-negative bacillary meningitis. Ped Infect Dis 1985;4:499-502.

Steele RW Ceftriaxone therapy of meningitis and serious infections. Am J Med 1984;77:50-3.

Bryan CS , John JF Jr, Pai MS Gentamicin vs cefotaxime for therapy of neonatal sepsis. AJDC 1985;139:1086-9.

Baumgartner ET , Augustine RA , Steele RW Bacterial meningitis in older neonates. Am J Dis Child 1983;137: 1052-4.

Marks MI Haemophilus influenzae infections. Clin Pediatr 1984;23:535-41.

Marks WA , Stutman HR , Marks MI , et al. Cefuroxime versus ampicillin plus chloramphenicol in childhood bacterial meningitis: A multicenter randomized controlled trial. J Pediatr 1986;109:123-30.

Barson WJ , Miller MA , Brady MT , et al. Prospective comparative trial of ceftriaxone vs conventional therapy for treatment of bacterial meningitis in children. Pediatr Infect Dis 1985;4:362-8.

Jacobs RF , Wells TG , Steele RW , et al. A prospective randomized comparison of cefotaxime vs ampicillin and chloramphenicol for bacterial meningitis in children. J Pediatr 1985;107:129-33.

Congeni BL , Bradley J. , Hammerschlag MR Safety and efficacy of once daily ceftriaxone for the treatment of bacterial meningitis. Pediatr Infect Dis 1986;5:293-7.

Tuomanen EI , Powell KR , Marks MI , et al. Oral chloramphenicol in the treatment of Haemophilus influenzae meningitis. J Pediatr 1981;99:968-74.

Prober CG Effect of rifampin on chloramphenicol levels. N Engl J Med 1985;312:788-9.

Powell DA , Nahata MC , Durrell DC , et al. Interactions among chloramphenicol, phenytoin, and phenobarbital in a pediatric patient. J Pediatr 1981;98:1001-3.

Yogev R. , Shulman ST , Chadwick EG , et al. Once daily ceftriaxone for central nervous system infections and other serious pediatric infections. Pediatr Infect Dis 1986;5:298-303.

Brady MT , Kaplan SL , Taber LH Association between persistence of pneumococcal meningitis and dexamethasone administration. J Pediatr 1981 ;99:924-6.

Belsey MA , Hoffpauir CW , Smith Mhd. Dexamethasone in the treatment of acute bacterial meningitis: The effect of study design on the interpretation of results. Pediatrics 1969;44:503-13.

Syrogiannopoulos GA , Freij BJ , Chrane DF , et al. Dexamethasone treatment for bacterial meningitis in infants and children. Abstracts of the 1986 Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Abstract # 868.

Viladrich PF , Pallares R. , Ariza J. , et al. Four days of penicillin therapy for meningococcal meningitis. Arch Intern Med 1986;146:2380-2.

Jadavji T. , Biggar WD , Gold R. , et al. Sequelae of acute bacterial meningitis in children treated for seven days. Pediatrics 1986;78:21-5.

Lin T-Y. , Chrane DF , Nelson JD , et al. Seven days of ceftriaxone therapy is as effective as ten days' treatment for bacterial meningitis. JAMA 1985 ;253:3559-63.

Rutman DL , Wald ER Fever in Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis. Clin Pediatr 1981;20:192-5.

Schaad UB , Nelson JD , McCracken GH Jr. Recrudescence and relapse in bacterial meningitis of childhood. Pediatrics 1981;67:188-95.

Durack DT , Spanos A. End-of-treatment spinal tap in bacterial meningitis. JAMA 1982;248:75-8.

Dodge PR , Hallowell D. , Feigin RD , et al. Prospective evaluation of hearing impairment as a sequelae of acute bacterial meningitis. N Engl J Med 1984 ;311:869-74.

Taylor HG , Michaels RH , Mazur PM , et al. Intellectual, neuropsychological, and achievement outcomes in children six to eight years after recovery from Haemophilus influenzae meningitis . Pediatrics 1984;74:198-205.

Herson VC , Todd JK Prediction of morbidity in Haemophilus influenzae meningitis. Pediatrics 1977;59:35-9.

Berman NS , Siegel SE , Nachum R. , et al. Cerebrospinal fluid endotoxin concentrations in gram-negative bacterial meningitis. J Pediatr 1976;88:553-6.

Istre GR , Conner JS , Broome CV , et al. Risk factors for primary invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease: Increased risk from day care attendance and school-aged household members . J Pediatr 1985;106:190-5.

Fulginiti V. Point: Recommendations for rifampin prophylaxis of Haemophilus infections by the Committee on Infectious Diseases of the American Academy of Pediatrics. Pediatr Infect Dis 1982;1:377-8.

Polysaccharide vaccine for prevention of Haemophilus influenzae type b disease. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 1985;34:201-6.

Eskola J. , Peltola H. , Makela PH , et al. Antibody levels achieved in infants by course of Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide/diphtheria toxoid conjugate vaccine. Lancet 1985;1:1184-6.