The scarcity of sound insights into the long-term effects of physical exercise upon the growth of children is amazing. Most of our knowledge has been derived by extrapolation from animal studies and from observations of adults and nerve-damaged patients. Much more research is necessary to enable us to identify the effects of physical activity on the growing child and to determine which sports and exercises are most likely to establish desirable effects.
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3.
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4.
—: Little League shoulder. Ibid.105: 22, 1966.
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10.
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11.
Castillo, B.A. , El Sallab, R.A. and Scott, J.T.: Physical activity, cystic erosions, and osteoporosis in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis.24: 522, 1965.
12.
Cheek, D.B. , Powell, G.K. and Scott, R.E.: Growth of muscle cells (size and number) and liver DNA in rats and snell smith mice with insufficient pituitary, thyroid, or testicular function. Bull. Hopkins Hosp.117: 306, 1965.
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Chiakulas, J.J. and Pauly, J.E.: A study of postnatal growth of skeletal muscle in the rat. Anat. Rec.152: 55, 1965.
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Davis, E.C. and Logan, G.A.: Biophysical Values of Muscular Activity. Dubuque, William C. Brown Co., 1961.
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18.
—: Summary of data for the effects of exercise on the organ weights of the albino rat; comparison with similar data from the dog . Ibid.56: 57, 1935.
19.
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20.
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21.
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23.
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24.
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25.
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26.
— and Ramsey, V.W.: The effect of daily electrical stimulation of normal and denervated muscles upon their protein content and upon some of the physiochemical properties of the protein. Ibid.145: 583, 1946.
27.
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28.
Gillespie, J.A.: The nature of the bone changes associated with nerve injuries and disuse. J. Bone Joint Surg.36-B: 464, 1954.
29.
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30.
Goldspink, G.: The combined effects of exercise and reduced food intake on skeletal muscle. J. Cellular Comp. Physiol . 63: 209, 1964.
31.
Gooding. C.A. and Neuhauser, E.B.D.: Growth and development of the vertebral body in the presence and absence of normal stress. Amer. J. Roentgen.93: 388, 1965.
32.
Gordon, E.E. , Kowalski, K. and Fritts, M.: Muscle proteins and DNA in rat quadriceps during growth. Amer. J. Physiol.210: 1033, 1966 .
33.
Greulich, W.W. and Pyle, S.I.: Radiographic Atlas of Skeletal Development of the Hand and Wrist, 2nd ed. Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1959.
34.
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35.
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36.
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37.
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38.
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39.
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40.
Holmes, R. and Rasch, P.J.: Effect of exercise on number of myofibrils per fiber in sartorius muscle of rat. Ibid.195: 50, 1958.
41.
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42.
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43.
Issekutz, B. , Jr., Blizzard, J.J., Birkhead, N.C. and Rodahl, K.: Effect of prolonged bed rest on urinarv calcium output. J. Applied Physiol.21: 1013, 1966 .
44.
Jokl, E., Cluver, E.H., Goedvolk, C. and de Jongh, T.W.: Training and Efficiency. South African Institute for Medical Research, Reprint No. 303, 1941 .
45.
Karvonen, M.J.: Some effects of long-term exercise on health and ageing. In Health and Fitness in the Modem World. L. A. Larson, ed. Chicago, Athletic Institute, 1961, pp. 223-227.
46.
Kato, S. and Ishiko, T.: Obstructed growth of children's bones due to excessive labor in remote corners . In Proceedings of International Congress of Sport Sciences, 1964. K. Kato, ed. Tokyo, Japanese Union of Sport Sciences , 1966, p. 479.
47.
Kharmosh, O. and Saville, P.D.: The effect of motor denervation on muscle and bone in the rabbit's hind limb. Acta Orthop. Scandinav.36: 361, 1965.
48.
Kottke, F.J. : The effects of limitation of activity upon the human body. JAMA196: 825, 1966.
49.
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50.
Larson, R.L. and McMahan, R.O.: The epiphyses and the childhood athlete . JAMA196: 607, 1966.
51.
Makin, M.: Tibio-fibular relationship in paralyzed limbs. J. Bone Joint Surg.47-B: 500, 1965.
52.
Meyers, H.C., Jr., Daniels, G.S., Churchill, E. and Roelke, N.S.: Body dimension changes during basic training. WADC Tech. Rep. 56-458, 1956.
53.
Montoye, H.J. , Nelson, R., Johnson, P. and Mac-nab, R.: Effects of exercise on swimming endurance and organ weight in mature rats. Res. Quart.31: 474, 1960.
54.
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55.
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56.
Morscher, E.: Strength and Morphology of Growth Cartilage under Hormonal Influence of Puberty . Basel, S. Karger, 1968.
57.
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58.
Orloff, M.J. : Species differences. Surgery46: 819, 1959.
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Parizkova, J.: Impact of age, diet, and exercise on man's body composition. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.110: 661, 1963 .
60.
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61.
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62.
Rarick, G.L.: Exercise and growth. In Science and Medicine of Exercise and Sports. W. R. Johnson, ed. New York, Harper and Brothers, 1960 , pp. 440-465.
63.
Retzlaff, E. , Fontaine, J. and Furuta, W.: Effect of daily exercise on life-span of albino rats. Geriatrics21: 171, 1966.
64.
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65.
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66.
Simon, E.: Morphological and functional development in physical education. In Health and Fitness in the Modern World. L. A. Larson, ed. Chicago, Athletic Institute, 1961, pp. 31-41.
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71.
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Tachovska, M., Čiperova , V. and Doskočil, M.: Longitudinalni sledovani rustu kosti dolni končetiny u stavu po detske obrne. Česk. Pediat.18: 1003, 1963.
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Watson, E.H. and Lowry, G.H.: Growth and Development of Children, 5th ed. Chicago. Yearbook Publishers, 1967.
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Weinmann, J.P. and Sicher, H.: Bones and Bones, 2nd ed. St. Louis, C. V. Mosby, 1955.
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Wyndham, C.H. , Strydom, N.B., Morrison, J.F., Peter, J., Maritz, J.S. and Ward, J.S.: The influence of a stable diet and regular work on body weight and capacity for exercise in African mine recruits. Ergonomics5: 435, 1962.
