There is a need for a new strategy for prophylaxis against infection to aug ment the use of vaccines. The prospects for nonspecific resistance enhancers are exciting. This discussion may encourage pediatricians to take another look at factors involved in nonspecific resistance to infection.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Florman, A.L. , G.H. Lambertson, H. Zepp, E. Ainbender and H.L. Hodes: Relation of 7S and 19S staphylococcal hemagglutinating antibody to age of individual. Pediatrics32: 501, 1963.
2.
Topley and Wilson: Principles of Bacteriology and Immunity . Wilson, G. S. and A. A. Miles.5th ed., vol. II, Chaps. 41, 44, 48, 51, 53, 54. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins Co., 1964.
3.
Nungester, W.J. : Mechanisms of man's resistance to infectious diseases. Bact. Rev.15: 105, 1951.
4.
Gitlin, D., F.S. Rosen and C.A., Janeway: Undue susceptibility to infection. Pediat. Clin. N. Amer.9: 405, 1962.
Wagner, R.R. : Cellular resistance to viral infections with particular reference to endogenous interferon. Bact. Rev.27: 72, 1963.
7.
Washburn, T.C. , D.N. Medearis, Jr. and B. Childs: Sex differences in susceptibility to infections. Pediatrics35: 57, 1965.
8.
Dubos, R.J. and R.W. Schaedler: Nutrition and infection. J. Pediat.55: 1, 1959.
9.
Selye, H.: The Stress of Life. New York, McGraw Hill, 1956.
10.
Tilles, J.G. , S.H. Elson, J.A. Shaka, W.H. Abelmann, A.M. Lerner and M. Finland: Effects of exercise on Coxsackie A9 myocarditis in adult mice. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med.117: 777, 1964 .
11.
Chang, S.S. and A.F. Rasmussen, Jr.: Stress induced suppression of interferon production in virus infected mice. Nature205: 623, 1965.
12.
Enders, J.F. and H.E. Pearson: Resistance of chicks to infection with influenza A virus. Proc. Soc. Exp. Med.48: 143, 1941.
13.
Andrewes, C.H. : Viruses and Common Colds. Harvey Lect., 1961-1962 , Academic Press, N. Y., Series 57, 1-15.
14.
Pannu, J.S. and M.M. Sigel: Inhibition of viruses by secretions from the female genital tract. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med.114: 763, 1963.
15.
Bauer, H., R.E. Horowitz, K.C. Watkins and H. Popper: Immunologic competence and phagocytosis in germ free animals with and without stress. J. A. M. A.187: 715, 1964.
16.
Shinefield, H.R., J.C. Ribble, M. Boris and H.F. Eichenwald: Bacterial interfence: Its effect on nursery-acquired infections with staphylococcus aureus. Amer. J. Dis. Child.105: 646, 1963.
17.
Johnson, R.T. : The pathogenesis of herpes virus encephalitis II. A cellular basis for the development of resistance with age. J. Exp. Med.120: 359, 1964.
18.
Hirsch, J.G. : Further studies on preparation and properties of phagocytin. J. Exp. Med.111: 323, 1960 .
19.
Hirsch, J.G. and Z.A. Cohn: Degranulation of polymorphonuclear leucocytes following phagocytosis of microorganisms. J. Exp. Med.112: 1005, 1960.
20.
Gresser, I. : Production of interferon by suspensions of human leukocytes. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med.108: 799, 1961.
21.
Lee, S.H.S. and R.L. Ozere: Production of interferon by human mononuclear leukocytes. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med.118: 190, 1965 .
22.
Florman, A.L. and J.F. Enders: The effect of homologous antiserum and complement on the multiplication of vaccinia virus in roller tube cultures of blood-mononuclear cells. J. Immun. 43: 159, 1942.
23.
Austin, K.F. and Z.A. Cohn: Contribution of serum and cellular factors in host defense reactions. New Eng. J. Med.268: 933, 994, 1056, 1963.
24.
Kono, Y. and M. Ho: The role of the reticuloendothelial system in interferon formation in rabbit . Virology25: 162, 1965.
25.
Ho, M.: Interferons. New Eng. J. Med.266: 1258, 1313, 1367, 1962.
26.
Baron, S. and C.E. Buckler: Circulating interferon in mice after intravenous injection of virus. Science141: 1061, 1963.
27.
Isaacs, A., R.A. Cox and Z. Rotem: Foreign nucleic acids as the stimulus to make interferon. Lancet2: 113, 1963.
28.
Stincbring, W.R. and J.S. Youngner: Patterns of interferon appearance in mice injected with bacteria or bacterial endotoxin. Nature204: 712, 1964.
29.
Kleinschmidt, W.J., J.C. Cline and E.B. Murphy: Interferon production induced by statolon . Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U. S. A.52: 743, 1964.
30.
Shilo, M.: Nonspecific resistance to infections. Rev. Microbiology13: 255, 1959.
31.
Rosen, F.S. : The endotoxins of gram-negative bacteria and host resistance. New Eng. J. Med.264: 919, 980, 1961.
32.
Florman, A.L. , H. Zepp, E. Ainbender and J.L. Scoma: Enhancement of resistance in mice to staphylococcal infection by preliminary treatment with a staphylococcal extract. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med.107: 994, 1961 .
33.
Florman, A.L. , E. Ainbender, H.D. Zepp, H.L. Hodes and G.H. Lambertson: A substance obtained from a staphylococcus which rapidly enhances resistance to infection. I. Observations with staphylococcal and E. coli infections. J. Mount Sinai Hosp., N. Y.31: 370, 1964.
34.
Florman, A.L. , E. Ainbender, H. Zepp, J.L. Scoma and H.L. Hodes: Early enhanced resistance of mice and rabbits to bacterial and viral infections after injection of a staphylococcal extract . Am. J. Dis. Child.104: 460, 1962.
35.
Schaffer, J. , P.R. Beamer, P.C. Trexler, G. Breidenbach and D.N. Walcher: Response of germ free animals to experimental virus mono contamination. I. Observation on Coxsackie B. virus. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med.112: 561, 1963 .