Basic Science Review : The First Breath

Nelson, W.E. : Textbook of Pediatrics, 7th ed. Philadelphia, London, W. B. Saunders Co., pp. 1-11, 1959.

Holt, E.L. , R. McIntosh and H.L. Barnett : Pediatrics, 13th ed. New York , Appleton-Century-Crofts Inc., pp. 60-66, 1961.

Fanconi, G. and A. Wallgren : Lehrbuch der Pädiatrie, 5th ed. Basel, Stuttgart, Benno Schwabe & Co. Verlag, pp. 12-15, 1958.

Karlberg, P. : The adaptive changes in the immediate postnatal period, with particular reference to respiration. J. Ped. 56: 585, 1960.

Avery. M.E. : In 37th Ross Conference on Pediatric Research, p. 18, 1960.

Potter, E.L. : Pathology of the Fetus and Infant, 2nd ed. Chicago, Year Book Medical Publishers Inc., p. 278, 1961.

Gruenwald, P. : Surface tension as a factor in the resistance of neonatal lungs to aeration. Am. J. Obst. Gynec. 53: 996, 1947.

Potter, E.L. : Pulmonary pathology in the newborn. Advances in Ped. VI. Chicago, ed. S. Z. Leone and Y. B. Cuhl , 1953.

Camerer, J. : Beiträge zur Frage der Fruchtwasseraspiration. Dtsch. Zschr. ges. gerichtl . Med. 29: 333, 1938.

Potter, E.L. and G. Bohlender : Intra-uterine respiration in relation to development of the fetal lung. Am. J. Obst. & Gynec. 42: 14, 1941.

Snyder, F.F. and M. Rosenfeld : Intra-uterine respiratory movement of human fetus. J.A.M.A. 108: 1946, 1937.

Dawes, G.S. : The Placenta and Fetal Membranes. Ed.: C. A. Villee , Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins Co., p. 219, 1960.

Plentl, A.A. : The dynamics of the amniotic fluid. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 75: 746, 1959.

Dawes, G.S. : Changes in the circulation at birth. Brit. Med. Bull. 17: 148, 1961.

Comroe, J.H. , Jr. and C.F. Schmidt : Reflexes from the limbs as a factor in the hyperpnea of muscular exercise. Am. J. Physiol. 138: 536, 1943.

Dixon, M.E. , P.B. Stewart , F.C. Mills , C.J. Varvis and D.V. Bates : Respiratory consequences of passive body movement. J. Appl. Physiol. 16: 30, 1961.

Dawes, G.S. , H.N. Jacobson , J.C. Mott and J. Shelley : Some observations on foetal and newborn rhesus monkeys. J. Physiol. 152: 271, 1960 .

Cross, K.W. : Respiration in the newborn baby. Brit. med. Bull. 17: 160, 1961.

Cross, K.W. , J.P.M. Tizard and D.A.H. Trythall : The metabolism of newborn infants breathing 15% oxygen. J. Physiol. 129: 69, 1955.

Watt, J.G. , P.R. Dumke and J.H. Comroe , Jr.: Effects of inhalation of 100 per cent and 14 per cent oxygen upon respiration of unanesthetized dogs before and after chemoreceptor denervation . Am. J. Physiol. 138: 610, 1942.

Schmidt, C.F. : Medical Physiology. P. Bard , ed., St. Louis, C. V. Mosby Co., pp. 340-407, 1956.

Apgar, V. : A proposal for a new method of evaluation of the newborn infant. Anesth. & Analg. 32: 260. 1953.

Johnson, J.W.C. : A study of fetal intrathoracic pressures during labor and delivery. Am. J. Obst. & Gynec. 84: 15, 1962.

Fawcett. J., J. Lind and C. Wegelius : The first breath . Acta Paediat. 49: Suppl. 123, 5, 1960.

Tooley, W.H. : 37th Ross Conference on Pediatric Research, p. 37, 1960.

Bosma, J.F. and J. Lind : Roentgenologic observations of motions of the upper airway associated with establishment of respiration in the newborn infant. Acta Paediat. 49: Suppl. 123, 18, 1960.

Geubelle, F. , P. Karlberg, G. Koch, J. Lind, G. Wallgren and C. Wegelius : L'aeration du poumon chez le nouveau-né. Biol. Neonat. 1: 169, 1959.

Cook, C.D. , J.M. Sutherland , S. Segal , R.B. Cherry , J. Mead , M.B. Mcllroy and C.A. Smith : Studies of respiratory physiology in the newborn infant. III. J. Clin. Invest. 36: 440, 1957.

Radford, E.P. , Jr.: Tissue Elasticity. J. W. Remington , ed., Washington, D. C., Am. Physiol. Soc., p. 177, 1957.

Avery, M.E. : The alveolar lining layer. Pediatrics 30: 323, 1962.

Mead, J. , J.L. Whittenberger and E.P. Radford , Jr.: Surface tension as a factor in pulmonary volume-pressure hysteresis . J. Appl. Physiol. 10: 191, 1957.

Agostoni, E. , A. Taglietti , Agostoni A. Ferrario and I. Setnikar : Mechanical aspects of the first breath. J. Appl. Physiol. 13: 344, 1958.

Karlberg, P. , R.B. Cherry , F.E. Escardo and G. Koch : Respiratory studies in newborn infants. II. Acta Paediat, 51: 121, 1962.

Klaus, M.H. , W.H. Tooley , K.H. Weaver and J.A. Clements : Lung volume in the newborn infant. Pediatrics 30: 111, 1962.

Berglund, G. and P. Karlberg : Determination of the functional residual capacity in newborn infants: Preliminary report. Acta Paediat. 45: 541, 1956.

Villee, C.A. : The Placenta and Fetal Membranes. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins Co., p. 219, 1960.

Kylstra, J.A. : Lavage of the lung. Acta Physiol. Pharm. Neerl. 7: 163, 1958.

Dawes, G.S. , J.C. Mott , J.G. Widdicombe and F.G. Wyatt : Changes in the lungs of the newborn lamb. J. Physiol. 121: 141, 1953 .

Lloyd, T.C. , Jr. and G.W. Wright : Pulmonary vascular resistance and vascular transanural gradient. J. Appl. Physiol. 15: 241, 1960.

Klaus, M.H. , J.A. Clements and R.J. Havel : Composition of surface active material isolated from beef lung. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 47: 1858, 1961.

Clements, J.A. : Surface phenomena in relation to pulmonary function. The Physiologist 5: 11, 1962.

Gribetz, I. , N.R. Frank and M.E. Avery : Static volume-pressure relations of excised lungs of infants with hyaline membrane disease, newborn and stillborn infants . J. Clin. Invest. 38: 2168, 1959.

Avery, M.E. and J. Mead : Surface properties in relation to atelectasis and hyaline membrane, disease. A.M.A. J. Dis. Child. 97: 517, 1959.

Cook, C.D. : 15th M. & R. Pediatric Research Conference, p. 58, 1954.

Yäykka, S. : Capillary erection and the structural appearance of fetal and neonatal lungs . Acta Paed. 47: 484, 1958.

Avery, M.E. , N.R. Frank and I. Gribetz : The effects of vascular distention on inflation of the newborn lung. A.M.A. J. Dis. Child. 96: 505, 1958.

Butler, J. , I. Bruderman , W.K. Hamilton and W.H. Tooley : Surface tension and pulmonary vascular resistance. Fed. Proc. 21: 2, 445, 1962.

Rudolph, A.M. , J.E. Drorbaugh , A.M. Auld , A.J. Rudolph , A.S. Nadas and C.A. Smith : Studies on the circulation in the neonatal period. The circulation in the respiratory distress syndrome. Pediatrics 27: 551, 1961.