Prevention of Cervical Cancer Through Vaccination of Adolescents

Abstract

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

HPV vaccines hold promise for reducing cervical cancer. Available at general-medicine.jwatch.org/cgi/content/full/2005/1230/10. Accessed April 2, 2006.

American Cancer Society . Estimated new cancer cases and deaths by sex for all sites, US, 2006. Available at http://www.cancer.org/downloads/stt/CAFF06EsCsMc.pdf. Accessed March 17, 2006.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Genital HPV Infection Fact Sheet. Rockville, Md: CDC National Prevention Information Network; 2004.

Cates W Jr , and the American Social Health Association Panel . Estimates of the incidence and prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases in the United States. Sex Transm Dis. 1999;26(suppl):S2-S7.

Weinstock H , Berman S , Cates W Jr. Sexually transmitted diseases among American youth: incidence and prevalence estimates, 2000. Perspect Sex Reprod Health. 2004;36:6-10.

Burk RD , Ho GYF , Beardsley L , Lempa M , Peters M , Bierman R. Sexual behavior and partner characteristics are the predominant risk factors for genital human papillomavirus infection in young women. J Infect Dis. 1996;174:679-689.

Bauer HM , Ting Y , Greer CE , et al. Genital human papillomavirus infection in female university students as determined by a PCR-based method. JAMA. 1991;265:472-477.

de Villiers EM , Fauquet C , Broker TR , Bernard HU , zur Hausen H. Classification of papillomaviruses. Virology. 2004; 324:17-27.

Howley PM. Papillomavirinae: the viruses and their replication. In: Fields BN , Knipe DM , Howley PM , eds. Fields Virology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott-Raven; 1996;2045-2076.

10.

Jansen KU , Shaw AR. Human papillomavirus vaccines and prevention of cervical cancer. Annu Rev Med. 2004; 55:319-331.

11.

Schiffman M , Castle PE. Human papillomavirus: epidemiology and public health. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2003;127:930-934.

12.

Wiley DJ , Douglas J , Beutner K , et al. External genital warts: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;36(suppl 2):S210-S224.

13.

Stone KM , Karem KL , Sternberg MR , et al. Seroprevalence of human papillomavirus type 16 infection in the United States. J Infect Dis. 2002;186:1396-1402.

14.

Sinclair KA , Woods CR , Kirse DJ , Sinal SH. Anogenital and respiratory tract human papillomavirus infections among children: age, gender, and potential transmission through sexual abuse. Pediatrics. 2005;116:815-825.

15.

Gonzalez Intxaurraga MA , Stankovic R , Sorli R , Trevisan G. HPV and carcinogenesis. Acta Dermatovenerol. 2002;1:1-8.

16.

Winer RL , Lee SK , Hughes JP , et al. Genital human papillomavirus infection: incidence and risk factors in a cohort of female university students. Am J Epidemiol. 2003;157:218-226.

17.

Fairley CK , Gay NJ , Forbes A , Abramson M , Garland SM. Hand-genital transmission of genital warts? An analysis of prevalence data. Epidemiol Infect. 1995;115:169-176.

18.

Herrero R , Castellsague X , Pawlita M , et al. Human papillomavirus and oral cancer: the International Agency for Research on Cancer multicenter study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2003;95:1772-1783.

19.

Armbruster-Moraes E , Ioshimoto LM , Leao E , Zugaib M. Presence of human papillomavirus DNA in amniotic fluids of pregnant women with cervical lesions. Gynecol Oncol. 1994;54:152-158.

20.

Rintala MA , Grenman SE , Jarvenkyla ME , Syrjanen KJ , Syrjanen SM. High-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA in oral and genital mucosa of infants during their first 3 years of life: experience from the Finnish HPV Family Study.Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41:1728-1733.

21.

Sinal SH , Woods CR. Human papillomavirus infections of the genital and respiratory tracts in young children. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis. 2005;16:306-316.

22.

Insinga RP , Dasbach EF , Myers ER. The health and economic burden of genital warts in a set of private health plans in the United States.Clin Infect Dis. 2003;36:1397-1403.

23.

Svare EI , Kjaer SK , Worm AM , Osterlind A , Meijer CJ , van den Brule AJ. Risk factors for genital HPV DNA in men resemble those found in women: a study of male attendees at a Danish STD clinic. Sex Transm Infect. 2002;78:215-218.

24.

Murthy NS , Mathew A. Risk factors for pre-cancerous lesions of the cervix. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2000;9:5-14.

25.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Genital HPV infection—CDC fact sheet. Available at www.cdc.gov/std/HPV/STDFact-HPV.htm. Accessed March 31, 2006.

26.

Meijer CJLM , Helmerhorst TJM , Rozendaal L , van der Linden JC , Voorhorst FJ , Walboomers JMM . HPV typing and testing in gynaecological pathology: has the time come? Histopathology. 1998;33:83-86.

27.

Ho L , Terry G , Londesborough P , Cuzick J , Lorenzato F , Singer A. Human papillomavirus DNA detection in the management of women with twice mildly abnormal cytological smears.J Med Virol. 2003;69:118-121.

28.

Ho GY , Bierman R , Beardsley L , Chang CJ , Burk RD. Natural history of cervicovaginal papillomavirus infection in young women. N Engl J Med. 1998;12;338:423-428.

29.

Hildesheim A , Herrero R , Castle PE , HPV co-factors related to the development of cervical cancer: results from a population-based study in Costa Rica. Br J Cancer. 2001;84:1219-1226.

30.

Kobayashi A , Greenblatt RM , Anastos K , et al. Functional attributes of mucosal immunity in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and effects of HIV infection. Cancer Res. 2004;64:6766-6774.

31.

Pinto AP , Crum CP. Natural history of cervical neoplasia: defining progression and its consequence. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2000;43:352-362.

32.

Snijders PJ , Steenbergen RD , Heideman DA , Meijer CJ. HPV-mediated cervical carcinogenesis: concepts and clinical implications. J Pathol. 2006; 208(2): 152-164.

33.

Crum CP , Rivera MN. Vaccines for cervical cancer. Cancer J. 2003;9:368-376.

34.

Parham GP. Comparison of cell collection and direct visualization cervical cancer screening adjuncts. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003;188:S13-S20.

35.

Schink JC. Strategies for detecting cervical dysplasia: visual inspection, spectroscopy, and speculoscopy. OBG Management. 2003;(suppl):5-8.

36.

Uyar DS , Eltabbakh GH , Mount SL. Positive predictive value of liquid-based and conventional cervical Papanicolaou smears reported as malignant. Gynecol Oncol. 2003;89:227-232.

37.

Kulasingam SL , Hughes JP , Kiviat NB , et al. Evaluation of human papillomavirus testing in primary screening for cervical abnormalities: comparison of sensitivity, specificity, and frequency of referral. JAMA. 2002;288:1749-1757.

38.

Selvaggi SM. Implications of low diagnostic reproducibility of cervical cytologic and histologic diagnoses. JAMA. 2001;285:1506-1508.

39.

Chacho MS , Mattie ME , Schwartz PE. Cytohistologic correlation rates between conventional Papanicolaou smears and ThinPrep cervical cytology: a comparison.Cancer. 2003;99:135-140.

40.

Zhou J , Sun XY , Stenzel DJ , Frazer IH. Expression of vaccinia recombinant HPV 16 L1 and L2 ORF proteins in epithelial cells is sufficient for assembly of HPV virion-like particles. Virology. 1991;185:251-257.

41.

Hagensee ME , Yaegashi N. Galloway DA. Self-assembly of human papillomavirus type 1 capsids by expression of the L1 protein alone or by coexpression of the L1 and L2 capsid proteins. J Virol. 1993;67:315-322.

42.

Frazer IH , Cox JT , Mayeaux Jr EJ , et al. Advances in prevention of cervical cancer and other human papillomavirus-related diseases. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2006;25:S65-S81.

43.

Harro CD , Pang YY , Roden RB , et al. Safety and immunogenicity trial in adult volunteers of a human papillomavirus 16 L1 virus-like particle vaccine. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2001;93:284-292.

44.

Evans TG , Bonnez W , Rose RC , A Phase 1 study of a recombinant viruslike particle vaccine against human papillomavirus type 11 in healthy adult volunteers. J Infect Dis. 2001;183:1485-1493.

45.

Harper DM , Franco EL , Wheeler C , et al. Efficacy of a bivalent L1 virus-like particle vaccine in prevention of infection with human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 in young women: a randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 2004;364:1757-1765.

46.

Harper DM , Franco EL , Wheeler CM , et al. Sustained efficacy up to 4.5 years of a bivalent L1 virus-like particle vaccine against human papillomavirus types 16 and 18: follow-up from a randomised control trial. Lancet. 2006; 367:1247-1255.

47.

Villa LL , Costa RL , Petta CA , et al. Prophylactic quadrivalent human papillomavirus (types 6, 11, 16, and 18) L1 virus-like particle vaccine in young women: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled multicentre phase II efficacy trial. Lancet Oncol. 2005;6:271-278.

48.

Bonnez W. Immunization against genital human papillomaviruses. J Infect Dis J. 2005;24:1005-1006.

49.

Goldie SJ , Kohli M , Grimm D , et al. Projected clinical benefits and cost-effectiveness of a human papillomavirus 16/18 vaccine. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2004;96:604-615.

50.

Zimet GD. Understanding and overcoming barriers to human papillomavirus vaccine acceptance. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2006;18(suppl 1):S23-S28.

51.

Clements CJ , Abdool-Karim Q , Chang ML , Nkowane B , Esparza J.

Breaking new ground3/4are changes in immunization services needed for the introduction of future HIV/AIDS vaccines and other new vaccines targeted at adolescents?

Vaccine. 2004;22:2822-2826.