In Hong Kong and Singapore, the latest higher education policy changes and reforms have emphasised quality assurance, managerial efficiency, cost-effectiveness, market relevance and public accountability. The rise of a more utilitarian, pragmatic and market-oriented perspective in relation to public service institutions, including higher education institutions, has secured the dominance of corporate managerialism, economic rationalism, and academic capitalism in the development of higher education in the two city-states, as in other developed or developing economies. In the process of reform, there have been major changes in the relationships between the governments and the universities, including matters of finance, provision and regulation. Though the two higher education systems have been affected by similar market forces and public sector reforms, certain policy changes and reforms have differed significantly between Hong Kong and Singapore. This article compares and evaluates the reform policies adopted by the two governments and examines the impact of those policies and reform initiatives on universities and the academic profession.
AppleM. (2000). Between neoliberalism and neoconservatism: Education, and conservatism in a global context. In BurbulesN.TorresC. (Eds.), Globalization and education: Critical perspectives (pp. 57–77). New York: Routledge.
2.
AppleM. (2001). Educating the ‘Right way’. New York: Routledge Falmer.
3.
BarnettR. (1997). Realizing the university. London: University of London, Institute of Education.
4.
BarnettR. (2000a). Realizing the university in an age of supercomplexity. Buckingham: Open University Press.
5.
BarnettR. (2000b). Reconfiguring the university. In ScottP. (Ed.), Higher education reformed (pp. 114–129). London: Falmer Press.
6.
BecherT.KoganM. (1992). Process and structure in higher education. London: Routledge.
7.
BoyerE.AltbachP.WhitelawM. (1994). The academic profession: An international perspective. Princeton: Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching.
8.
CallahanR. (1962). Education and the cult of efficiency. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
9.
Census and Statistics Department. (2000). Hong Kong Annual Digest of Statistics 2000. Hong Kong: Author.
10.
ChengK. (1996). The evaluation of the higher education system in Hong Kong. In CowenR. (Ed.), World yearbook of education 1996 (pp. 82–110). London: Kogan Page.
ClarkB. (2001). The entrepreneurial university: New foundations for collegiality, autonomy, and achievement. Higher Education Management, 13 (2), 9–24.
13.
CoaldrakeP.StedmanL. (1999). Academic work in the twenty-first century. Canberra: Department of Education, Training and Youth Affairs, Higher Education Division.
14.
CurrieJ. (1998). Globalization practices and the professoriate in Anglo-Pacific and North American universities. Comparative Education Review, 42 (1), 15–29.
15.
CurrieJ.SubotzkyG. (2000). Alternative responses to globalization from European, and South African universities. In StromquistN.MonkmanK. (Eds.), Globalization and education: Integration and contestation across cultures (pp. 123–147). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
16.
Education Commission. (2000). Learning for life, learning through life: Reform proposals for the education system in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Printing Department.
17.
FrenchN. (1999). The University Grants Committee's approach to quality assurance in higher education in Hong Kong. Paper presented at a meeting of the Higher Education Research and Development Society of Australia (HERDSA), Hong Kong Branch on 29 January 1999.
18.
FrenchN.MassyW.KoP.SiuH.YoungK. (1999). Research assessment in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: UGC.
19.
FrenchN.MassyW.YoungK. (2001). Research assessment in Hong Kong. Higher Education, 42, 35–46.
20.
GopinathanS.MorrissS. (1997). Trends in university reform in the context of massification. RIHE International Seminar Reports, No. 1, 55–71.
21.
HenkelM. (2000). Academic identities and policy change in higher education. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
22.
Hong Kong Government. (1978). The development of senior secondary and tertiary education. Hong Kong: Government Printer.
23.
Hong Kong 2000. (2000). Hong Kong: Printing Department.
24.
HoodC. (1991). A public management for all seasons?Public Administration, 69 (1), 3–19.
25.
HughesO. (1998). Public management & administration: An introduction (2nd ed.). Basingstoke: Macmillan.
26.
KoganM. (1999). Academic, and administrative interface. In HenkelM.LittleB. (Eds.), Changing relationships between higher education and the state (pp. 263–279). London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
LaneJ-E. (2000). New public management. London: Routledge.
29.
Le GrandJ.BartlettW. (Eds.). (1993). Quasi-markets and social policy. Basingstoke: Macmillan Press.
30.
LeeM.GopinathanS. (2001). Centralization decentralization of higher education in Singapore. Education and Society, 19 (3), 79–97.
31.
MarginsonS. (1993). Education and public policy in Australia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
32.
MarginsonS.ConsidineM. (2000). The enterprise university: Power, governance and reinvention in Australia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
33.
MassyW.FrenchN. (2001). Teaching and Learning Quality Process Review: What the programme has achieved in Hong Kong. Quality in Higher Education, 7 (1), 33–45.
34.
McInnisC. (1995). Less control and more vocationalism: The Australian, and New Zealand experience. In SchullerJ. (Ed.), The changing university? (pp. 38–51). Buckingham: Open University Press.
35.
Ministry of Education. (2000a). FY2000 Committee of Supply debate Minister's fourth reply on university issues. Press release on 13 March 2000, Singapore.
36.
Ministry of Education. (2000b). Government accepts recommendation on university governance and funding. Press release on 3 July 2000, Singapore.
37.
Ministry of Education. (2000c). Greater autonomy for NUS and NTU, along with greater accountability. Press release on 27 January 2000, Singapore.
38.
Ministry of Education. (2001a). International Academic Advisory Panel third meeting, 8–11 January 2001. Press release on 11 January 2001, Singapore.
39.
Ministry of Education. (2001b). International Academic Advisory Panel third meeting in Singapore, 9–11 January 2001. Press release on 6 January 2001, Singapore.
40.
Ministry of Information and the Arts. (2002). Singapore 2000. Singapore: Author.
41.
Ministry of Trade and Industry. (2002). Developing Singapore's education industry. Singapore: Author.
42.
MokK.LeeM. (2000). Globalization or re-colonization: Higher education reforms in Hong Kong. Higher Education Policy, 13 (4), 361–377.
43.
MokK.LeeM. (2002). A reflection on quality assurance in Hong Kong's higher education. In MokK.ChanD. (Eds.), Globalization and education: The quest for quality education in Hong Kong (pp. 213–240). Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
44.
MoraJ-G. (2001). Governance and management in the new university. Tertiary Education and Management, 7 (2), 95–110.
45.
MorrowR.TorresC. (2000). The state, globalization, and educational policy. In BurbulesN.TorresC. (Eds.), Globalization and education: Critical perspectives. New York: Routledge.
46.
Nanyang Technological University. (1998). The NTU Fund. Singapore: Author.
NathanS. (2001). Speech by President S. R. Nathan, Chancellor of NTU, at the NTU 20th anniversary gala dinner on Sunday 8 July 2001. Singapore: Ministry of Information and the Arts Media Division.
50.
OsborneD.GaeblerT. (1992). Reinventing government: How the entrepreneurial spirit is transforming the public sector. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
51.
PierreJ.PetersB. (2000). Governance, politics and the state. Basingstoke: Macmillan.
52.
PollittC.BouckaertG. (2000). Public management reform: A comparative analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
53.
Public Service 21 Office. (2001). Public service for the 21st Century. Singapore: Author.
54.
PuseyM. (1991). Economic rationalism in Canberra: A nation-building state changes its mind. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
55.
RhodesR. (1991). Introduction. Public Administration, 69 (1), 1–2.
56.
SelvaratnamV. (1994). Innovations in higher education: Singapore at the competitive edge. Washington, DC: World Bank.
57.
ShihC. (2002). Re-making NUS: Fostering a new organizational culture. State of the university address, 13 August 2002. Singapore: NUS.
58.
SinclairA. (1989). Public sector culture: Managerialism or multiculturalism?Australian Journal of Public Administration, 48 (4), 382–397.
59.
Singapore Department of Statistics. (1998). Yearbook of statistics Singapore 1997. Singapore: Author.
60.
Singapore Department of Statistics. (1999a). Singapore 1998 statistical highlights. Singapore: Author.
61.
Singapore Department of Statistics. (1999b). Yearbook of statistics Singapore 1998. Singapore: Author.
62.
Singapore Department of Statistics. (2000a). Singapore 1999 statistical highlights. Singapore: Author.
63.
Singapore Department of Statistics. (2000b). Yearbook of statistics Singapore 2000. Singapore: Author.
64.
Singapore Department of Statistics. (2001a). Singapore 2001 statistics highlights. Singapore: Author.
65.
Singapore Department of Statistics. (2001b). Yearbook of statistics Singapore 2001. Singapore: Author.
66.
Singapore Department of Statistics. (2002a). Singapore 2002 statistics highlights. Singapore: Author.
67.
Singapore Department of Statistics. (2002b). Yearbook of statistics Singapore 2002. Singapore: Author.
68.
Singapore Management University. (2001). Leading the future: Singapore Management University report to stakeholders 2000–2001. Singapore: Author.
69.
Singapore Management University. (2002). Entrepreneur and philanthropist Li Ka Shing donates record S$19.5 million to Singapore Management University. Press release, September 9. Singapore: Author.
70.
SlaughterS.LeslieL. (1997). Academic capitalism: Politics, policies, and the entrepreneurial university. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
71.
TanT. (2000). Universities in the knowledge era—challenges and responses. Lecture delivered by Dr Tony Tan Keng Yam, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Defense, at the Chulalongkorn University, Thailand, on 14 January 2000. Singapore: Ministry of Education.
72.
TeoC. (2000). Speech by RADM Teo Chee Heart, Minister for Education and Second Minister for Defense at the second reading of the Singapore Management University Bill in Parliament on 21 February 2000. Singapore: Ministry of Education.
73.
TeoC. (2001). Speech by RADM(NS) Teo Chee Hean, Minister for Education and 2nd Minister for Defence at SMU's Convocation Ceremony on 12 August 2001. Singapore: Ministry of Education.
74.
TungC. (2000). Serving the community, sharing common goals. Hong Kong: Printing Department.
75.
University Grants Committee. (1996). Higher education in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Author.
76.
University Grants Committee. (1999). Management Review of the University of Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Author.
77.
University Grants Committee. (2000a). Management Reviews of UGC-funded Institutions: Overarching report. Hong Kong: Author.
78.
University Grants Committee. (2000b). The UGC—facts and figures 1999. Hong Kong: Printing Department.
79.
University Grants Committee. (2001a). The Hong Kong Jockey Club—the largest supporter of higher education in Hong Kong. Press release on 29 May 2001. Hong Kong: Author.
80.
University Grants Committee. (2001b). The UGC—facts and figures 2000. Hong Kong: Printing Department.
81.
University Grants Committee. (2002a). Higher education in Hong Kong: Report. Hong Kong: Printing Dept.
82.
University Grants Committee. (2002b). The UGC—facts and figures 2001. Hong Kong: Printing Dept.
83.
WatkinsP. (1993). Centralized decentralization: Sloanism, marketing quality and higher education. Australian Universities' Review, 36 (2), 9–17.
84.
WelchA. (1996). Australian education: Reform or crisis?St Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin.
85.
WelchA. (1998a). The cult of efficiency in education: Comparative reflections on the reality and the rhetoric. Comparative Education, 34 (2), 157–175.
86.
WelchA. (1998b). The end of certainty? The academic profession and the challenge of change. Comparative Education Review, 42 (1), 1–14.
87.
WhittyG. (1997). Marketization, the state, and the re-formation of the teaching profession. In HalseyA.LauderH.BrownP.WellsA. (Eds.), Education: Culture, economy, society (pp. 299–319). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
88.
YeatmanA. (1987). The concept of public management and the Australian state in the 1980s. Australian Journal of Public Administration, 46 (4), 339–353.
