HendersonDKFaheyBJWillyMSchmittJMCareyKKoziolDERisk for occupational transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) associated with clinical exposures. A prospective evaluation. Ann Intern Med1990; 113: 740–6.
2.
TokarsJIMarcusRCulverDHSchableCAMcKibbenPSBandeaCI(for the CDC Cooperative Needlestick Surveillance Group). Surveillance of HIV infection and Zidovudine use among health care workers after occupational exposure to HIV-infected blood. Ann Intern Med1993; 118: 913–19.
3.
GainesHvon SydowMPehrsonPOLundberghP. Clinical picture of primary HIV infection presenting as a glandular-fever-like illness. BMJ1988; 297: 1363–8.
4.
BoagFCDeanRHawkinsDALawrenceAGGazzardBG. Abnormalities of liver function during HIV seroconversion illness. Int J STD AIDS1992; 3: 46–8.
5.
PantaleoGGraziosiCDemarestJFButiniLMontroniMFoxCHHIV infection is active and progressive in lymphoid tissue during the clinically latent stage of disease. Nature1993; 362: 355–8.
6.
OleskeJMinneforACooperRJrThomasKdela CruzAAhdiehHImmune deficiency syndrome in children. JAMA1983; 249: 2345–9.
7.
ScottGBBuckVELetermanJGBloomFLParksWP. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in infants. N Engl J Med1984; 310: 76–81.
8.
ThomasPAJaffeHWSpiraTJReissRGuerreroICAuerbachD. Unexplained immunodeficiency in children. A surveillance report. JAMA1984; 252: 639–44.
9.
FalloonJEddyJWienerLPizzoPA. Human immunodeficiency virus infection in children. J Pediatr1989; 114: 1–30.
10.
AboulkerJ-PSwartAM. Preliminary analysis of the Concorde trial. Lancet1993; 341: 889–90.
11.
FaheyJLTaylorJMGDetelsRHofmannBMelmedRNishanianPThe prognostic value of cellular and serologic markers in infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. N Engl J Med1990; 322: 166–72.
12.
SchwartländerBBekBKochMASkarabisHBurkowitzJKochMA. Improvement of the predictive value of CD4+ lymphocyte count by β2-microglobulin, immunoglobulin A and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. AIDS1993; 7: 813–21.
13.
LifsonARHessolNABuchbinderSPO'MalleyPMBarnhartLSegalMSerum β2-microglobulin and prediction of progression to AIDS in HIV infection. Lancet1992; 339: 1436–40.
14.
WallPGPorterKNooneAGoldbergDJ. Changing incidence of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia as initial AIDS defining disease in the United Kingdom. AIDS1993; 7: 1523–5.
15.
MillerRFMitchellDM, AIDS and the lung: Update 1992. 1. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Thorax1992; 47: 305–14.
16.
Consensus statement on the use of corticosteroids as adjunctive therapy for pneumocystis pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The National Institutes of Health—University of California expert panel for corticosteroids as adjunctive therapy for pneumocystis pneumonia. N Engl J Med1990; 323: 1500–4.
17.
SerwaddaDMugerwaRDSewankamboNKLwegabaACarswellJWKiryaGBSlim disease: A new disease in Uganda and its association with HTLV-III infection. Lancet1985; ii: 849–52.
18.
NelsonJAWileyCAReynolds-KohlerCReeseCEMargarettenWLevyJA. Human immunodeficiency virus detected in bowel epithelium from patients with gastrointestinal symptoms. Lancet1988; i: 259–62.
19.
UllrichRZeitzMHeiseWL'ageMHöffkenGRieckenEO. Small intestinal structure and function in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): Evidence for HIV-induced enteropathy. Ann Intern Med1989; 111: 15–21.
20.
SmithPDLaneHCGillVJManischewitzJFQuinnanGVFauciASIntestinal infections in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Etiology and response to therapy. Ann Intern Med1988; 108: 328–33.
21.
ConnollyGMForbesAGazzardBG. Investigation of seemingly pathogen-negative diarrhoea in patients infected with HIV1. Gut1990; 31: 886–9.
22.
GillinJSShikeMAlcockNUrmacherCKrownSKurtzRCMalabsorption and mucosal abnormalities of the small intestine in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med1985; 102: 619–22.
23.
MillerAROGriffinGEBatmanPFarquarCForsterSMPinchingAJJejunal mucosal architecture and fat absorption in male homosexuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Q J Med1988; 69: 1009–19.
24.
KotlerDPGaetzHPLangeMKleinEBHoltPR. Enteropathy associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med1984; 101: 421–8.
25.
EhrenpreisEDGulinoSPPattersonBKCraigRMYokooHAtkinsonAJJrKinetics of D-xylose absorption in patients with human immunodeficiency virus enteropathy. Clin Pharmacol Ther1991; 49: 632–40.
26.
LaineLGarciaFMcGilliganKMalinkoASinatraFRThomasDW. Protein-losing enteropathy and hypoalbuminaemia in AIDS. AIDS1993; 7: 837–40.
27.
SteinTPNutinskyCCondoluciDSchluterMDLeskiwMJ. Protein and energy substrate metabolism in AIDS patients. Metabolism1990; 39: 876–81.
28.
KotlerDPWangJPiersonRNJrBody composition studies in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J Clin Nutr1985; 42: 1255–65.
29.
HommesMJTRomijnJAGodfriedMHSchattenkerkJKMEBuurmanWAEndertEIncreased resting energy expenditure in human immunodeficiency virus-infected men. Metabolism1990; 39: 1186–90.
30.
MelchiorJ-CSalmonDRigaudDLeportCBouvetEDetruchisPResting energy expenditure is increased in stable, malnourished HIV-infected patients. Am J Clin Nutr1991; 53: 437–41.
31.
GrunfeldCPangMShimizuLShigenagaJKJensenPFeingoldKR. Resting energy expenditure, caloric intake, and short term weight change in human immunodeficiency virus infection and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J Clin Nutr1992; 55: 455–60.
32.
KotlerDPTierneyARBrennerSKCoutureSWangJPiersonRNJrPreservation of short-term energy balance in clinically stable patients with AIDS. Am J Clin Nutr1990; 51: 7–13.
33.
AmbrusJLPoieszBJLillieMAStadlerIDi BerardinoLAChadhaKC. Interferon and interferon inhibitor levels in patients with varicellazoster virus, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related complex or Kaposi's sarcoma, and in normal individuals. Am J Med1989; 87: 405–7.
34.
GrunfeldCKotlerDPShigenagaJKDoerrlerWTierneyAWangJCirculating interferon-α levels and hypertriglyceridaemia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J Med1991; 90: 154–62.
35.
FuchsDHausenAReibneggerGWernerERWerner-FelmayerGDierichMPInterferon-γ concentrations are increased in sera from individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr1989; 2: 158–62.
36.
GrunfeldCPangMDoerrlerWShigenagaJKJensenPFeingoldRKLipids, lipoproteins, triglyceride clearance, and cytokines in human immunodeficiency virus infection in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab1992; 74: 1045–52.
37.
Shor-PosnerGBasitALuYCabrejosCChangJFletcherMHypocholesterolaemia is associated with immune dysfunction in early human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection. Am J Med1993; 94: 515–19.
38.
HellersteinMKGrunfeldCWuKChristiansenMKaempferSKletkeCIncreased de novo hepatic lipogenesis in HIV-infected humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab1993; 76: 559–65.
39.
KotlerDPTierneyARWangJPiersonRNJrMagnitude of body-cell-mass depletion and the timing of death from wasting in AIDS. Am J Clin Nutr1989; 50: 444–7.
40.
CoodleyGOCoodleyMKNelsonHDLovelessMO. Micronutrient concentrations in the HIV wasting syndrome. AIDS1993; 7: 1595–600.
41.
LebovicsEThungSNSchaffnerFRadenskyPW. The liver in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: A clinical and histologic study. Hepatology1985; 5: 293–8.
42.
SchneidermanDJ. Hepatobiliary abnormalities of AIDS. Gastroenterol Clin North Am1988; 17: 615–30.
43.
GordonSCReddyKRGouldEEMcFaddenRO'BrienCDe MedinaMThe spectrum of liver disease in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. J Hepatology1986; 2: 475–84.
44.
SchneidermanDJArensonDMCelloJPMargarettenWWeberTE. Hepatic disease in patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Hepatology1987; 7: 925–30.
45.
PayneTHCohnDLDavidsonAJHenryTDSchaeferJWGabowPA. Marked elevations of serum alkaline phosphatase in patients with AIDS. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr1991; 4: 238–43.
46.
OrensteinMSTavitianAYonkBDincsoyHPZeregaJIyerSKGranulomatous involvement of the liver in patients with AIDS. Gut1985; 26: 1220–5.
47.
CappellMSSchwartzMSBiempicaL. Clinical utility of liver biopsy in patients with serum antibodies to the human immunodeficiency virus. Am J Med1990; 88: 123–30.
48.
MargulisSJHonigCLSoaveRGovoniAFMouradianJAJacobsonIM. Biliary tract obstruction in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med1986; 105: 207–10.
49.
SchneidermanDJCelloJPLaingFC. Papillary stenosis and sclerosing cholangitis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med1987; 106: 546–9.
50.
ForbesABlanshardCGazzardB. Natural history of AIDS related sclerosing cholangitis: A study of 20 cases. Gut1993; 34: 116–21.
51.
RaoTKSFriedmanEANicastriAD. The types of renal disease in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med1987; 316: 1062–8.
52.
RaoTKSFillipponeEJNicastriADLandesmanSHFrankEChenCKAssociated focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med1984; 310: 669–73.
53.
RaoTKS. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) associated nephropathy. Annu Rev Med1991; 42: 391–401.
CarbonneLD'AgatiVChengJ-TAppelGB. Course and prognosis of human immunodeficiency virus-associated nephropathy. Am J Med1989; 87: 389–95.
56.
KalinFMPoretskyLSeresDSZumoffB. Hyporeninaemic hypoaldosteronism associated with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Am J Med1987; 82: 1035–8.
57.
ChoiMJFernandezPCPatnaikACoupaye-GerhardBD'AndreaDSzerlipHBrief report: Trimethoprim-induced hyperkalaemia in a patient with AIDS. N Engl J Med1993; 328: 703–6.
58.
MedinaIMillsJLeoungGHopewellPCLeeBModinGOral therapy for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: a controlled trial of trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole versus trimethoprim-dapsone. N Engl J Med1990; 323: 776–82.
59.
CusanoAJThiesHLSiegalFPDreisbachAWMaesakaJK. Hyponatraemia in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr1990; 3: 949–53.
60.
TangWWKapteinEMFeinsteinEIMassrySG. Hyponatraemia in hospitalized patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and the AIDS-related complex. Am J Med1993; 94: 169–74.
61.
VittingKEGardenswartzMHZabetakisPMTapperMLGleimGWAgrawalMFrequency of hyponatraemia and nonosmolar vasopressin release in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. JAMA1990; 263: 973–8.
62.
AronDC. Endocrine complications of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch Intern Med1989; 149: 330–3.
63.
GrinspoonSKBilezikianJP. HIV disease and the endocrine system. N Engl J Med1992; 327: 1360–5.
64.
MarksJB. Endocrine manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Am J Med Sci1991; 302: 110–17.
65.
WelchKFinkbeinerWAlpersCEBlumenfeldWDavisRLSmucklerEAAutopsy findings in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. JAMA1984; 252: 1152–9.
66.
GreeneLWColeWGreeneJBLevyBLouieERaphaelBAdrenal insufficiency as a complication of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med1984; 101: 497–8.
67.
MembrenoLIronyIDereWKleinRBiglieriEGCobbE. Adrenocortical function in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab1987; 65: 482–7.
68.
MerenichJAMcDermottMTAspAAHarrisonSMKiddGS. Evidence of endocrine involvement early in the course of human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Clin Endocrinol Metab1990; 70: 566–71.
69.
GuyRJCTurbergYDavidsonRNFinnertyGMacGregorGAWisePH. Mineralocorticoid deficiency in HIV infection. BMJ1989; 298: 496–7.
70.
DobsASDempseyMALadensonPWPolkBF. Endocrine disorders in men infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Am J Med1988; 84: 611–16.
71.
LoPrestiJSFriedJCSpencerCANicoloffJT. Unique alterations of thyroid hormone indices in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Ann Intern Med1989; 110: 970–5.
72.
LambertMZechFDe NayerPJamezJVandercamB. Elevation of serum thyroxine-binding globulin (but not of cortisol-binding globulin and sex hormone-binding globulin) associated with the progression of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Am J Med1990; 89: 748–51.
73.
MurthyUKDeGregorioFOatesRPBlairDC. Hyperamylasaemia in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol1992; 87: 332–6.
74.
YarchoanRPludaJMThomasRVMitsuyaHBrouwersPWyvillKMLong-term toxicity/activity profile of 2′,3′-dideoxyinosine in AIDS or AIDS-related complex. Lancet1990; 336: 526–9.
75.
CroxsonTSChapmanWEMillerLKLevitCDSenieRZumoffB. Changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected homosexual men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab1989; 68: 317–21.
76.
PetitoCKNaviaBAChoE-SJordanBDGeorgeDCPriceRW. Vacuolar myelopathy pathologically resembling subacute combined degeneration in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med1985; 312: 874–9.
77.
HarrimanGRSmithPDHorneMKFoxCHKoenigSLackEEVitamin B12 malabsorption in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch Intern Med1989; 149: 2039–41.
78.
BurkesRLCohenHKrailoMSinowRMCarmelR. Low serum cobalamin levels occur frequently in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and its related disorders. Eur J Haematol1987; 38: 141–7.
79.
HallCDSnyderCRRobertsonKRMessenheimerJAWilkinsJWRobertsonWTCerebrospinal fluid analysis in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Ann Clin Lab Sci1992; 22: 139–43.
80.
MarshallDWBreyRLCahillWTHoukRWZajacRABoswellRN. Spectrum of cerebrospinal fluid findings in various stages of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Arch Neurol1988; 45: 954–8.
81.
GordinFMSimonGLWofsyCBMillsJ. Adverse reactions to Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med1984; 100: 495–9.