PriceWJ. Spectrochemical Analysis by Atomic Absorption. London: Heyden, 1982.
2.
KirkbrightGFSargentM. Atomic Absorption and Fluorescence Spectroscopy. London: Academic Press, 1974.
3.
AlkemadeCTHJHermannR. Fundamentals of Analytical Flame Spectroscopy. Bristol: Adam Hilger, 1979.
4.
WalshA. The application of atomic absorption spectra to chemical analysis. Spectro Chim Acta1955; 7: 108–17.
5.
AlkemadeCTHJMilatzJMW. J Opt Sci Am1955; 45: 583.
6.
DelvesHT. The analysis of biological and clinical materials. Prog Analyt Atom Spectrosc1981; 4: 1–48.
7.
DelvesHT. Elemental analysis of body fluids and tissues by electrothermal atomisation and atomic absorption spectrometry. In: Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. (CantleJE, ed) Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1982; 341–380.
8.
DelvesHT. A microsampling method for the rapid determination of lead in whole blood by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Analyst1970; 95: 431–8.
9.
BrownAATaylorA. Determination of copper and zinc in serum and urine by use of a slotted quartz tube and flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Analyst1984; 109: 1455–9.
10.
Operator's manual for MHS-20 Mercury/Hydride System. Uberlingen: Perkin Elmer and Co. GMBH, 1979.
11.
LloydBHoltPDelvesHT. Determination of selenium in biological samples by hydride generation and atomic absorption spectroscopy. Analyst1982; 107: 927–33.
12.
MeretSHenkinRI. Simultaneous direct estimation by atomic absorption spectrophotometry of copper and zinc in serum, urine and cerebrospinal fluid. Clin Chem1971; 17: 369–73.
13.
BeatyRD. Concepts, instrumentation and techniques in atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Connecticut: Perkin Elmer Corporation, 1978.
14.
MatousekJP. Interferences in electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, their elimination and control. Prog Analyt Atom Spectrosc.1981; 4: 247–310.
15.
L'vovBV. Electrothermal atomization—the way towards absolute methods of AAS. Spectrochim Acta1978; 33B: 153–93.
16.
OttawayJM. A revolutionary development in graphite furnace atomic absorption. Atom Spectrosc1982; 3: 89–92.
17.
EdigerRD. A.A. Analysis with the graphite furnace using matrix modification. Atom Absorpt Newsl, 1975; 14: 127–127.
18.
DelvesHTWoodwardJ. Determination of low levels of cadmium in blood by electrothermal atomisation and atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Atom Spectrosc1981; 2: 65–7.
19.
ShuttlerILDelvesHT. Determination of lead in blood by atomic absorption spectrometry with electrothermal atomisation. Analyst1986; 111: 651–6.
20.
DelvesHTShuttlerILS. Interferences in the measurement of platinum in body tissue and fluids using electrothermal atomisation and atomic absorption spectro photometry. In: Biochemical mechanisms of platinum anti-tumour drugs. (McBrienDCHSlaterTF, eds.) Ass Int Cancer Res Symposium.Oxford: IRL Press.
21.
SacedKThomassenYLangmyhrFJ. Direct ETA-AAS determination of selenium in serum. Anal Chim Acta1979; 110: 285–288.
22.
BeatyMBarnettWGrobenskiZ. Techniques for analysing difficult samples with the HGA graphite furnace. Atom Spectrosc1980; 1: 72–7.
SlavinWCarnickGR. Interferences in graphite furnace AAS continuum background correction. A survey. Atom Spectrosc1986; 7: 9–13.
29.
DeGalanLde Loos-VollebregtMTC. Roll-over of analytical curves in atomic absorption spectrometry arising from background correction with pulsed hollow-cathode lamps. Spectrochim Acta1984; 39B: 1011–19.
30.
ZiefMMitchellJW. Contamination control in trace element analysis. New York: Wiley, 1976.
31.
VersieckJ. Trace elements in body fluids and tissues. CRC Critical Reviews in Clin Lab Sci1985; 22: 97–84.
32.
VersieckJCornelisR. Normal levels of trace elements in human blood plasma or serum. Analyt Chim Acta1980; 116: 217–54.
33.
StoepplerMValentaPNurnbergHW. Application of independent methods and standard materials: An effective approach to reliable trace and ultra trace analysis of metals and metalloids in environmental and biological matrices. Fresenius Z Anal Chem1979; 297: 22–34.
34.
TaylorAMarksV. Contamination from syringes and blood container pots in trace element analysis. Ann Clin Biochem1973; 10: 42–6.
35.
DelvesHT. Determination of trace elements in tissues and excretia of children. PhD Thesis, 1970. University of London.
36.
DelvesHT. Assessment of trace element status. In: Clinics in Endocrinology and Metabolism. (Taylor A) Eastbourne: Saunders, 1985; 14: 725–725.
37.
GuillardOPiriouAMuraPReissD. Precautions necessary when assaying aluminium in serum of chronic haemodialysed patients. Clin Chem1982; 28: 1714–15.
38.
BunkerVWDelvesHTFautleyRF. A system to minimise trace metal contamination of biological material during homogenisation. Ann Clin Biochem1982; 19: 444–5.
39.
DelvesHTClaytonBE. Carmichael et al. An appraisal of the analytical significance of tooth-lead measurements as possible indices of environmental exposure of children to lead. Ann Clin Biochem.1982; 19: 329–337.
40.
HildebrandDCWhiteDH. Trace element analysis in hair: An evaluation. Clin Chem1974; 20: 148–51.
41.
TaylorA. Usefulness of measurements of trace elements in hair. Ann Clin Biochem1986; 23: 364–78.
42.
Annual Reports on Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy, Vols. I–XIV. 1971–1985. London Royal Society of Chemisty.
43.
PennachiaGBelhuneVGFleisherIISchwartzMK. Automated flame photometry of serum sodium and potassium. Clin Chem. 1971, 17: 339–339.
44.
PybusJAFeldmanFJBowersGN. Measurement of total calcium in serum by atomic absorption spectrophotometry with use of strontium internal reference. Clin Chem.1970; 16: 998–1007.
45.
CaliJPMandelJMooreLYoungDS. A referee method for the determination of calcium serum. NBS Special Publication 260–36. WashingtonU.S. Dept. Commerce, 1972.
46.
PickupJFJacksonMPriceMEBrownSS. Assessment of the reference method of determination of total serum calcium. Clin Chem1974; 20: 1324–30.
47.
SmithJCJr.ButrimovitzGP. Direct measurement of zinc in plasma by atomic absorption. Clin Chem1979; 25: 1487–91.
48.
SprengerKBGFranzHE. Viscosity adaptation for an automated micro-method of flame atomic absorption spectrometry and intracellular trace element analysis after pressure decomposition: Zinc determination in plasma and erythrocytes. Clin Chem1983; 29: 1522–6.
49.
SalmelaSVuoriE. Improved direct determination of copper and zinc in a single serum dilution by atomic absorption spectrometry. Atom Spectrosc1984; 5: 146–9.
50.
CubellsSoriano MJde la Guardia ClrugedaMOueradaAparisi L. Rapid determination of copper, iron and zinc in liver biopsies. Atom Spectrosc1984; 5: 217–22.
51.
KreeftenbergHGKoopmanBJHuizengaJR. Measurement of iron in liver biopsies: A comparison of three analytical methods. Clin Chim Acta1984; 144: 255–62.
52.
GoldbergWJAllenN. Determination of Cu. Mn, Fe and Ca in six regions of normal human brain by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Clin Chem1981; 27: 562–4.
53.
LadefogedK. Determination of zinc in diet and faeces by acid extraction and atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Clin Chim Acta1980; 100: 149–53.
54.
ManningDC. Aspirating small volume samples in flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. Atom Absorpt Newsl1975; 14: 99–102.
55.
PalmRSjostromRHallmansG. Optimized atomic absorption spectrophotometry of zinc in cerebrospinal fluid. Clin Chem1983; 29: 486–91.
56.
WeinstockNUhlemannM. Automated determination of copper in undiluted serum by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Clin Chem1981; 27: 1438–40.
57.
RenoeBWShidelerCESavoryJ. Use of a flow injection sample manipulator as an interface between HPLC and AAS. Clin Chem1981; 27: 1546–50.
RocksBESherwoodRABayfordLMRileyC. Zinc and copper determination in micro-samples of serum by flow injection and atomic absorption spectroscopy. Ann Clin Biochem1982; 19: 338–44.
60.
SherwoodRARocksBFRileyC. Controlled dispersion flow analysis with atomic absorption detection for the determination of clinically relevant elements. Analyst1985; 110: 493–6.
61.
RileyC. Rocks BF, Sherwood R. Flow injection analysis in clinical chemistry. Talanta1984; 31: 879–88.
62.
WatlingRJde VilliersDJ. Special report FIS 108. National Physical Laboratory Pretoria, S.A.1977.
63.
Bahreyni-ToosiMHDawsonJBDuffieldRJ. Comparison of flame atomic absorption techniques for the determination of copper and zinc in fractionised blood plasma. Analyst, 1984; 109: 943–943.
64.
VahterM.Assessment of human exposure to lead and cadmium through biological monitoring. U.N.E.P. and WHO publication, Stockholm1982.
65.
PandyaCBPatelTSShahGMSathawaraVG. Quality assurance of analytical data with special reference to the determination of lead and cadmium in biological specimens. J Analyt Atom Spectrom1986; 1: 387–90.
66.
Department of The Enviroment. Pollution Report No. 10, London, 1981, HMSO.
67.
Department of The Environment. Pollution Report No. 18, London. 1983, HMSO.
68.
DelvesHT. Use reference samples rather than reference methods. Anal Proc1984; 21: 391–4.
69.
SubramanianKS. Determination of trace metals in human blood by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Prog Analyt Atom Spectrosc1986; 9: 237–334.
70.
BrownAAHallsDJTaylorA. Clinical materials. foods and beverages—atomic spectrometry update. J Analyt Atom Spectrosc1986; 1: 29R–43R.
71.
GerlachWKrivanVSprengerK. Die bestimmung von Calciumgehalten 1 μgg 1in biologrschen Material mit der Graphitrohr-AAS, paper presented at 3rd Colloqu. Atomspektr. Spurenanalttik. 18–21 March 1985. Konstanz FDR.
72.
ShawJCLBuryAJBarberA. A micro-method for the analysis of zinc in plasma or serum by AAS using graphite furnace. Clin Chim Acta1982; 118: 229–39.
73.
FooteJWDelvesHT. Distribution of zinc amongst human serum proteins determined by affinity chromatography and atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Analyst.1983; 108: 492–504.
74.
FooteJWDelvesHT. Aluminium band and α2 macroglobulin bound zinc concentrations in the sera of healthy adults. J Clin Pathol1984; 37: 1050–4.
75.
CarelliGAltavistaMCAldrighettiF. Flameless determination of urinary copper. Atom Spectrosc1982; 3: 200–202.
76.
McGahanMBitoLZ. Determination of copper concentration in blood plasma and in ocular and cerebrospinal fluids using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy. Analyt Biochem1983; 135: 186–92.
77.
SchermaierAJO'ConnorLHPearsonKH. Semiautomated determination of chromium in whole blood and serum by Zeeman electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Clin Chim Acta1985; 152: 123–34.
78.
HallsDJFellGS. The problem of background correction in the determination of chromium in urine by atomic absorption spectrometry with electrothermal atomisation. J Analyt Atom Spectrosc1986; 1: 135–40.
79.
PlebanPAPearsonKJShaubergerRJ. Paper presented at 17th ACS Meeting, Florida, USA, 1987.
80.
CarterGFLapworthP. Personal communication and unpublished inter-laboratory study 1986.
81.
LloydBHoltPDelvesHT. Determination of selenium in biological samples by hydride generation and atomic spectroscopy. Analyst1982; 107: 927–33.
82.
FairhurstJLloydBDelvesHT. Selenium measurement in human tissue samples by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Analyt Chim Acta1987; In press.
83.
LloydBFairrisGLloydB. Selenium measurements in human skin disorders. In preparation.
84.
MelcherMWelzB. Investigation on atomization mechanisms in hydride AA technique. Paper presented at 23rd Colloqu. Spectrosc Int Amsterdam 1983.
85.
GardinerPEOttawayJMFellGSHallsDJ. Determination of aluminium in blood plasma or serum by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta1981; 128: 57–66.
86.
LeungFYBradleyCSlavinWHendersonAR. The direct calibration and acid precipitation assays for aluminium are equivalent. In: Aluminium and other trace elements in renal disease. (TaylorA, ed.) London: Ballière Tindall, 1986; 296–302.
87.
BrownSBertholfRLWillsMRSavoryJR. Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometric determination of aluminium in serum with a new technique for protein precipitation. Clin Chem1984; 30: 1216–18.
88.
BettinelliMBaroniUFontanaFPoisettiP. Evaluation of the L'vov platform and matrix modification for the determination of aluminium in serum. Analyst1985; 110: 19–22.
89.
PlebanPAPearsonKH. Determination of cadmium in whole blood and urine by Zeeman atomic absorption spectroscopy. Clin Chem Acta1979; 99: 267–77.
90.
WrightFCRinerJC. Determination of cadmium in blood and urine with the graphite furnace. Atom Absorpt Newsl1975; 14: 103–4.
91.
SubramanianKSMerangerJC. A rapid electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometric method for cadmium and lead in human whole blood. Clin Chem1981; 27: 1866–71.
92.
StoepplerMBrandtKRainsTC. Rapid method for the automated determination of lead in whole blood by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Analyst1978; 103: 714–22.
93.
PruszkowskaECarnickGRSlavinW. Blood lead determination with the Platform Technique. Atom Spectrosc1983; 4: 59–61.
94.
HodgesDJSkeldingD. Determination of lead in urine by AAS with electrothermal atomisation. Analyst1981; 106: 299–304.
95.
SubramanianKSMerangerJCMacKeenJE. Graphite furnace AAS with matrix modification for determination of cadmium and lead in human urine. Anal Chem1983; 55: 1064–7.
96.
PeterFStruncG. Semi-automated analysis for mercury in whole blood, urine and hair by on stream generation of cold vapour. Clin Chem1984; 30: 893–5.
97.
MagosL. Selective atomic absorption determination of inorganic mercury and methyl mercury in undigested biological samples. Analyst1971; 96: 847–53.
98.
ToffalettiJSavoryJ. Use of NaBH4 for determination of total Hg in urine by AAS. Anal Chem1975; 47: 2091–5.
99.
SharmaDCDavisPS. Direct determination of mercury in blood by use of sodium borohydride reaction and atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Clin Chem1979; 25: 769–72.
100.
DelvesHTBicknellJClaytonBE. The excessive ingestion of lead and other metals by children. Proc Int Symp on Env Hlth Aspects of Lead, Amsterdam 1972. Publ WHO/CEC. 1973; 345–6.
101.
YeomanWB. Internal and external quality control with special reference to lead and cadmium. In: Analytical Techniques for Heavy Metals in Biological Fluids. (FacchettiS ed.) Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1982; 273–84.
102.
DelvesHT. Use reference materials rather than reference methods. Analyt Proc1984; 21: 391–4.
103.
BullockDGSmithNJWhiteheadTP. External quality assessment of assays of lead in blood. Clin Chem1986; 32: 1884–9.
104.
LewisSAO'HaverTCHarnlyJM. The analysis of blood serum for essential metals by simultaneous multi-element AA analysis. Paper presented at Pittsburgh Conf on Anal Chem and Appl Spectrosc, March 1983.
105.
LewisSAO'HaverTCHarnlyJM. Determination of metals at the microgram per litre level in blood serum by simultaneous multi-element ETA-AAS. Anal Chem1985; 57: 2–5.
106.
FellGSOttawayJMHusseinFER. Application of blood cadmium analysis to industry using an atomic fluorescence method. Br J Ind Med1977; 34: 106–9.
107.
FellGSOttawayJMHusseinFER. Determination of an atomic fluorescence method for cadmium in blood and urine. In: Clinical Chemistry and Chemical Toxicology of Metals. (BrownSS ed.) Amsterdam: Elsevier. 1979; 367–70.
108.
MichelRGHallMLOttawayJMFellGS. Determination of cadmium in blood and urine by flame atomic fluorescence spectroscopy. Analyst1979; 104: 491–504.
109.
CavalliPOmenettoNRossiG. Determination of cadmium at sub ppm levels by an inductively coupled plasma—atomic fluorescence technique. Atom Spectrosc1982; 3: 1–3.
110.
OmenetoNHumanHGCCavalliPRossiG. Direct determination of lead in blood by laser excited AFS. Analyst1984; 109: 1067–70.
111.
OttawayJMBezurLMarshallJ. An echelle manochromator system for the measurement of sensitive carbon furnace atomic emission signals. Analyst1980; 105: 1130–3.
112.
MarshallJGiriSKLittlejohnDOttawayJM. An investigation of graphite probe atomisation for carbon furnace atomic emission spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta1983; 147: 173–84.
113.
FreehWOttawayJMBezurLMarshallJ. Determination of manganese in urine by electrothermal atomic emission spectrometry. Can J Spectrosc1986; 30: 7–12.
114.
BaxterDCFrenchWLundbergE. Determination of aluminium in biological materials by constant temperature graphite furnace atomic emission spectrometry. Analyst1985; 110: 475–82.
115.
RobertsNBFaircloughDMcLaughlinSTaylorWH. Measurement of copper, zinc and magnesium in serum and urine by DC plasma emission spectrometry. Ann Clin Biochem1985; 22: 533–8.
116.
McLeodCWWorsfoldPJCoxAG. Simultaneous multi-element analysis by FI-ICP-AES. Paper presented at SAC ′83. Int Conf Anal Chem Edinburgh, July 1983.
117.
DelvesHTBunkerVHusbandsAP. A comparison of inductively-coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy and atomic absorption spectroscopy for multi-elemental analyses of diets, faeces and urine. In: Trace Element Analytical Chemistry in Medicine and Biology. (SchramelBratter Pond P eds.) Vol. 2. Berlin: Waller de Gruyter and Co.1983; 1120–2.
118.
BarnesRMFodorPInagakiKFodorM. Determination of trace elements in urine using ICP spectroscopy with polydithrocarbonate chelating resin. Spectrochim Acta Part B1983; 38: 245–51.
119.
BarnesRMFodorP. Analysis of urine using ICP-ES with graphite rod electrothermal vaporisation. Spectrochim Acta Part B1983; 38: 1191–202.
120.
MianshiZBarnesRM. Determination of trace elements in serum using ICP atomic spectrometry with hydride generation and chelating resin preconcentration. Appl Spectrosc1984; 38: 635–41.
121.
GrayAL. Mass spectrometric analysis of solutions using an atmospheric pressure ion source. Analyst1975; 100: 289–99.
122.
DouglasDJSmithRGQuanESK. Inductively coupled plasmas and microwave plasmas as ion source for mass spectrometry. Paper No. 154. Presented at Pittsburgh Conf on Anal Chem and Appl Spectrosc 1982.
123.
DelvesHTCampbellMJ. Measurement of total lead concentrations and lead isotope ratios in whole blood using inductively coupled plasma source—mass spectrometry. J Analyt Atom Spectrosc1988; In press.
124.
WelzBSchlemmerG. Pyrolytic temperature measurement via graphite furnace. Paper presented at Symp on Atom Spectrosc Leningrad, USSR, June 1983.