Underreporting of synthetic cathinone poisoning with clinical immunoassays: An experimental and observational study

Abstract

Background

There is an increasing global concern about the use of synthetic cathinones (SCs). Detecting these drugs in human urine samples can be difficult, particularly in emergency settings. Cross-reactivity has been described for several immunoassays. We evaluated the analytical interference caused by common SCs in MDMA and amphetamine assays that use the EMIT® Atellica CH (Siemens Healthineers) with both clinical and in vitro experimental data.

Methods

Drug-free urine samples were spiked with various concentrations (5 to 100 µg/mL) of 2-methylmethcathinone (MMC), 3-MMC, 4-MMC, 3-chloromethcathinone (CMC), methylone and alpha-PHP and tested using EMIT® assays. The percentage of false-positive results was determined in urine samples from patients above 18 years of age admitted to the ICU or emergency department who underwent routine toxicology screening and urine immunoassays over a 4-year period. Confirmatory analyses of SC were performed by mass spectrometry techniques.

Results

False-positive results occurred for the MDMA assay with methylone (10 µg/mL) and 3-CMC (100 µg/mL) and for the amphetamine test with 2-MMC (50 µg/mL). We studied 2033 urine samples from 1812 patients (mean age 39 years, 61.8% male), of which 49 tested positive for amphetamine and 76 for MDMA. SCs were responsible for a false-positive rate of 16.3% for the amphetamine tests and 17.1% for the MDMA tests. Most of the false-positive tests occurred among young male patients (mean age 38 years, 92.8% male).

Conclusions

This study demonstrates that SC intoxication may be underreported in immunoassay toxicology testing. Due to a lack of specificity of screening immunoassay methods, positive results for amphetamine-type stimulants should be confirmed by specific MS methods.