Application of Doehlert Matrix for an Optimized Preparation of a Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) Substrate Based on Silicon Nanowires for Ultrasensitive Detection of Rhodamine 6G
Restricted accessResearch articleFirst published online February, 2020
Application of Doehlert Matrix for an Optimized Preparation of a Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) Substrate Based on Silicon Nanowires for Ultrasensitive Detection of Rhodamine 6G
In this work, we combined a hierarchical nano-array effect of silicon nanowires (SiNWs) with a metallic surface of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) to design a surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) scattering substrate for sensitive detection of Rhodamine 6G (R6G) which is a typical dye for fluorescence probes. The SiNWs were prepared by Metal-Assisted Chemical Etching (MACE) of n-Si (100) wafers. The Doehlert design methodology was used for planning the experiment and analyzing the experimental results. Thanks to this methodology, the R6G SERS response has been optimized by studying the effects of the silver nitrate concentration, silver nitrate and R6G immersion times and their interactions. The immersion time in R6G solution stands out as the most of influential factor on the SERS response.
RuE.EtchegoinP.Principles of Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy and Related Plasmonic Effects. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier, 2009.
2.
FleischmannM.HendraP.J.McQuillanA.J.“Raman Spectra of Pyridine Adsorbed at a Silver Electrode”. Chem. Phys. Lett1974. 26(2): 163–166.
3.
AlbrechtM.G.CreightonJ.A.“Anomalously Intense Raman Spectra of Pyridine at a Silver Electrode”. Am. Chem. Soc1977. 99(15): 5215–5217.
4.
JeanmaireD.L.Van DuyneR.P.“Blu Excited State of the Tetracyanoquinodimethane Anion Radical”. J. Electroanal. Chem1977. 84: 1–20.
5.
WangJ.LinW.CaoE., et al.“Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensors on Raman and Fluorescence Spectroscopy”. Sensors2017. 17(12): 2719–2738.
6.
ZouS.SchatzG.C.“Silver Nanoparticle Array Structures that Produce Giant Enhancements in Electromagnetic Fields”. Chem. Phys. Lett2005. 40(1–3): 62–67.
7.
LiS.MaW.ChenX., et al.“Structure and Antireflection Properties of SiNWs Arrays Form mc-Si Wafer Through Ag-Catalyzed Chemical Etching”. Appl. Surf. Sci2016. 369: 232–240.
8.
ZhangC.LiS.MaW., et al.“Fabrication of Ultra-Low Antireflection SiNWs Arrays from mc-Si Using One Step MACE”. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron2017. 28(12): 8510–8518.
9.
HanH.HuangZ.LeeW.“Metal-Assisted Chemical Etching of Silicon and Nanotechnology Applications”. Nano Today2014. 9(3): 271–304.
10.
GoncharK.A.ZubairovaA.A.SchleusenerA., et al.“Optical Properties of Silicon Nanowires Fabricated by Environment-Friendly Chemistry”. Nanoscale Res. Lett2016. 11(1): 357–362.
11.
HutagalungS.D.FadhaliM.M.AreshiR.A., et al.“Optical and Electrical Characteristics of Silicon Nanowires Prepared by Electroless Etching”. Nanoscale Res. Lett2017. 12(1): 425–436.
12.
ZhangG.-J.NingY.“Silicon Nanowire Biosensor and its Applications in Disease Diagnostics: A Review”. Anal. Chim. Acta2012. 749: 1–15.
13.
RahmanS.A.F.YusofN.A.HashimU., et al.“Enhanced Sensing of Dengue Virus DNA Detection Using O2 Plasma Treated-Silicon Nanowire Based Electrical Biosensor”. Anal. Chim. Acta2016. 942: 74–85.
14.
CaoX.MuL.ChenM., et al.“A Facile Fluorescent Sensor Based on Silicon Nanowires for Dithionite". Appl. Surf. Sci2018. 441: 388–393.
15.
QinY.LiuD.ZhangT., et al.“Ultrasensitive Silicon Nanowire Sensor Developed by a Special Ag Modification Process for Rapid NH3 Detection". ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces2017. 9(34): 28766–28773.
16.
WangH.JiangW.WangY., et al.“Catalase-Like and Peroxidase-Like Catalytic Activities of Silicon Nanowire Arrays". Langmuir2013. 29(1): 3–7.
17.
CohnG.EichelR.A.Ein-AliY.“New Insight into the Discharge Mechanism of Silicon-Air Batteries Using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy". Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys2013. 15(9): 3256–3263.
18.
SoamA.AryaN.KumbharA., et al.“Controlling the Shell Microstructure in a Low-Temperature-Grown SiNWs and Correlating It to the Performance of the SiNWs-Based Micro-Supercapacitor”. Appl. Nanosci2016. 6(8): 1159–1165.
19.
ChenJ.SubramamiT.SunY., et al.“Efficiency Enhancement of Silicon Nanowire Solar Cells by Using UV/Ozone Treatments and Micro-Grid Electrodes”. Appl. Surf. Sci2018. 439: 1057–1064.
20.
GebaviH.MikakL.MarciusM., et al.“Silicon Nanowires Substrates Fabrication for Ultra-Sensitive Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Sensors”. Croat. Chem. Acta90(2): 259–262.
21.
BaiF.LiM.FuP., et al.“Laser-Modified Black Titanium Oxide Nanospheres and Their Photocatalytic Activities Under Visible Light”. APL Mater2015. 7(29): 16070–16077.
22.
ShaoM.-W.ZhangM.-L.WongN.-B., et al.“Ag-Modified Silicon Nanowires Substrate for Ultrasensitive Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy”. Appl. Phys. Lett2008. 93(23): 233118–233121.
23.
ZhangM.-L.FanX.ZhouH.-W., et al.“A High-Efficiency Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Substrate Based on Silicon Nanowires Array Decorated with Silver Nanoparticles". J. Phys. Chem. C2010. 114(5): 1996–1975.
PinkowskaH.OliverosE.“Application of the Doehlert Matrix for the Determination of the Optimal Conditions of Hydrolysis of Soybean Protein in Subcritical Water”. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res2014. 53(4): 1320–1326.
26.
HannachiA.HammamiS.RaouafiN., et al.“Preparation of Manganese Sulfide (MnS) Thin Films by Chemical Bath Deposition: Application of the Experimental Design Methodology”. J. Alloys Compd2016. 663: 507–515.
27.
BiganM.MutelB.“Cold Remote Plasma Modification of Wood: Optimization Process Using Experimental Design”. Appl. Surf. Sci2018. 453: 423–435.
28.
ZhangM.-L.PengK.-Q.FanX., et al.“Preparation of Large-Area Uniform Silicon Nanowires Arrays Through Metal-Assisted Chemical Etching”. J. Phys. Chem2008. 112(12): 4444–4450.
29.
LiuK.QuS.ZhangX., et al.“Improved Photovoltaic Performance of Silicon Nanowire/Organic Hybrid Solar Cells by Incorporating Silver Nanoparticles”. Nanoscale Res. Lett2013. 8: 88–94.
PinkowskaH.OliverosE.“Application of the Doehlert Matrix for the Determination of the Optimal Conditions of Hydrolysis of Soybean Protein in Subcritical Water” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res2014. 53(4): 1320–1326.
32.
UchinokuraK.SekineT.MatsuuraE.“Raman Scattering by Silicon”. Solid State Commun1972. 11(1): 47–49.
33.
SenaA.JuniorG.BarrettoI., et al.“Application of Doehlert Experimental Design in the Optimization of Experimental Variables for the Pseudozyma sp. (CCMB 306) and Pseudozyma sp. (CCMB 300) Cell Lysis". J. Food Sci. Technol2012. 32: 762–767.
34.
HildebrandtP.SockbingeM.“Surface-Enhanced Resonance Raman Spectroscopy of Rhodamine 6G Adsorbed on Colloidal Silver”. J. Phys. Chem1984. 88(24): 5935–5944.
35.
DieringerJ.A.WustholzK.L.MasielloD.J., et al.“Surface-Enhanced Raman Excitation Spectroscopy of a Single Rhodamine 6G Molecule”. J. Am. Chem. Soc2009. 131(2): 849–854.
36.
D. Mathieu, J. Nony, R. Phan-Tan-Luu. “New Efficient Methodology for Research Using Optimal Design (NEMROD) Software”. Marseille, France: LPRAI, 2000.
37.
NganL.T.Q.CaoD.T.“Improvement of Raman Enhancement Factor Due to the Use of Silver Nanoparticles Coated Obliquely Aligned Silicon Nanowire Arrays in SERS Measurements”. Int. J. Nanotechnol2015. 12: 358–366.
