6. Microbiology and Immunology

Ogra PL Barenkamp SJ Mogi G . Microbiology, immunology, and vaccination. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Casselbrant ML , eds. Recent advances in otitis media. Report of the Sixth Research Conference. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl 1998;107(suppl 174):29–49.

Ogra PL . Summary: Recent developments in the immunology of otitis media. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1997;830:158–65.

Pitkaranta A Virolainen A Jero J . Detection of rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, and coronavirus infections in acute otitis media by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Pediatrics 1998;102:291–5.

Pitkaranta A Jero J Arruda E . Polymerase chain reaction-based detection of rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, and coronavirus in otitis media with effusion. J Pediatr 1998;133:390–4.

Heikkinen T Thint M Chonmaitree T . Prevalence of various respiratory viruses in the middle ear during acute otitis media. N Engl J Med 1999;340:260–4.

Andrade MA Hoberman A Glustein J . Acute otitis media in children with bronchiolitis. Pediatrics 1998;101:617–9.

Chonmaitree T Patel JA Sim T . Role of leukotriene B₄ and interleukin-8 in acute bacterial and viral otitis media. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1996;105:968–74.

Garofalo R Sabry M Jamaluddin M . Transcriptional activation of the interleukin-8 gene by respiratory syncytial virus infection in alveolar epithelial cells: Nuclear translocation of the RelA transcription factor as a mechanism producing airway mucosal inflammation. J Virol 1996;70:8773–81.

Jiang Z Nagata N Molina E . Fimbria-mediated enhanced attachment of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae to respiratory syncytial virus-infected respiratory epithelial cells. Infect Immun 1999;67:187–92.

Wadowsky RM Mietzner SM Skoner DP . Effect of experimental influenza A virus infection on isolation of Streptococcus pneumoniae and other aerobic bacteria from the oropharynges of allergic and nonallergic adult subjects. Infect Immun 1995;63:1153–7.

Sato K Quartey MK Liebeler CL . Roles of autolysin and pneumolysin in middle ear inflammation caused by a type 3 Streptococcus pneumoniae strain in the chinchilla otitis media model. Infect Immun 1996;64:1140–5.

Diven WF Burckart GJ Alper CM . Expression of acute otitis media after receptor blockade of platelet activating factor, thromboxane, and leukotrienes in the chinchilla. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1998;107:199–206.

Sutbeyaz Y Yakan B Ozdemir H . Effect of SC-41930, a potent selective leukotriene B₄ receptor antagonist, in the guinea pig model of middle ear inflammation. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1996;105:476–80.

Johnson M Leonard G Kreutzer DL . Murine model of interleukin-8-induced otitis media. Laryngoscope 1997;107:1405–8.

Sato K Liebeler CL Quartey MK . Middle ear fluid cytokine and inflammatory cell kinetics in the chinchilla otitis media model. Infect Immun 1999;67:1943–6.

Willett DN Rezaee RP Billy JM . Relationship of endotoxin to tumor necrosis factor–α and interleukin-1β in children with otitis media with effusion. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1998;107:28–33.

van Ham SM van Alphen L Mooi FR . Contribution of the major and minor subunits to fimbria-mediated adherence of Haemophilus influenzae to human epithelial cells and erythrocytes. Infect Immun 1995;63:4883–9.

Geluk F Eijk PP van Ham SM . The fimbria gene cluster of nonencapsulated Haemophilus influenzae. Infect Immun 1998;66:406–17.

Clemans DL Marrs CF Patel M . Comparative analysis of Haemophilus influenzae hifA (pilin) genes. Infect Immun 1998;66:656–63.

McCrea KW Sauver JL Marrs CF . Immunologic and structural relationships of the minor pilus subunits among Haemophilus influenzae isolates. Infect Immun 1998;66:4788–96.

Barenkamp SJ St Geme JW III . Identification of a second family of high-molecular–weight adhesion proteins expressed by non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae. Mol Microbiol 1996;19:1215–23.

Krasan GP Cutter D Block SL . Adhesin expression in matched nasopharyngeal and middle ear isolates of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae from children with acute otitis media. Infect Immun 1999;67:449–54.

Reddy MS Bernstein JM Murphy TF . Binding between outer membrane proteins of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae and human nasopharyngeal mucin. Infect Immun 1996;64:1477–9.

Busse J Hartmann E Lingwood CA . Receptor affinity purification of a lipid-binding adhesin from Haemophilus influenzae. J Infect Dis 1997;175:77–83.

Hartmann E Lingwood C . Brief heat shock treatment induces a long-lasting alteration in the glycolipid receptor binding specificity and growth rate of Haemophilus influenzae. Infect Immun 1997;65:1729–33.

Fakih MG Murphy TF Pattoli MA . Specific binding of Haemophilus influenzae to minor gangliosides of human respiratory epithelial cells. Infect Immun 1997;65:1695–700.

Virkola R Lahteenmaki K Eberhard T . Interaction of Haemophilus influenzae with the mammalian extracellular matrix. J Infect Dis 1996;173:1137–47.

Gorter AD Eijk PP van Wetering S . Stimulation of the adherence of Haemophilus influenzae to human lung epithelial cells by antimicrobial neutrophil defensins. J Infect Dis 1998;178:1067–74.

Cundell DR Pearce BJ Sandros J . Peptide permeases from Streptococcus pneumoniae affect adherence to eucaryotic cells. Infect Immun 1995;63:2493–8.

Cundell DR Weiser JN Shen J . Relationship between colonial morphology and adherence of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Infect Immun 1995;63:757–61.

Berry AM Paton JC . Sequence heterogeneity of PsaA, a 37-kilodalton putative adhesin essential for virulence of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Infect Immun 1996;64:5255–62.

Rosenow C Ryan P Weiser JN . Contribution of novel choline-binding proteins to adherence, colonization and immunogenicity of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Mol Microbiol 1997;25:819–29.

Tuomanen EI Austrian R Masure HR . Pathogenesis of pneumococcal infection. N Engl J Med 1995;332:1280–4.

Tuomanen EI . The biology of pneumococcal infection. Pediatr Res 1997;42:253–8.

Barthelson R Mobasseri A Zopf D . Adherence of Streptococcus pneumoniae to respiratory epithelial cells is inhibited by sialylated oligosaccharides. Infect Immun 1998;66:1439–44.

Idanpaan-Heikkila I Simon PM Zopf D . Oligosaccharides interfere with the establishment and progression of experimental pneumococcal pneumonia. J Infect Dis 1997;176:704–12.

McMichael JC Fiske MJ Fredenburg RA . Isolation and characterization of Two proteins from Moraxella catarrhalis that bear a common epitope. Infect Immun 1998;66:4374–81.

Fitzgerald M Mulcahy R Murphy S . A 200 kDa protein is associated with haemagglutinating isolates of Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 1997;18:209–16.

Duim B Vogel L Puijk W . Fine mapping of outer membrane protein P2 antigenic sites which vary during persistent infection by Haemophilus influenzae. Infect Immun 1996;64:4673–9.

Duim B Bowler LD Eijk PP . Molecular variation in the major outer membrane protein P5 gene of nonencapsulated Haemophilus influenzae during chronic infections. Infect Immun 1997;65:1351–6.

DeMaria TF Apicella MA Nichols WA . Evaluation of the virulence of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae lipooligosaccharide htrB and rfaD mutants in the chinchilla model of otitis media. Infect Immun 1997;65:4431–5.

Weiser JN Shchepetov M Chong ST . Decoration of lipopolysaccharide with phosphorylcholine: A phase-variable characteristic of Haemophilus influenzae. Infect Immun 1997;65:943–50.

Weiser JN Pan N . Adaptation of Haemophilus influenzae to acquired and innate humoral immunity based on phase variation of lipopolysaccharide. Mol Microbiol 1998;30:767–75.

Rayner CF Jackson AD Rutman A . Interaction of pneumolysin-sufficient and -deficient isogenic variants of Streptococcus pneumoniae with human respiratory mucosa. Infect Immun 1995;63:442–7.

Kim JO Romero-Steiner S Sorensen UB . Relationship between cell surface carbohydrates and intrastrain variation on opsonophagocytosis of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Infect Immun 1999;67:2327–33.

Kim JO Weiser JN . Association of intrastrain phase variation in quantity of capsular polysaccharide and teichoic acid with the virulence of Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Infect Dis 1998;177:368–77.

Zangwill KM Vadheim CM Vannier AM . Epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease in southern California: Implications for the design and conduct of a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine efficacy trial. J Infect Dis 1996;174:752–9.

Butler JC Hofmann J Cetron MS . The continued emergence of drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States: An update from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Pneumococcal Sentinel Surveillance System. J Infect Dis 1996;174:986–93.

Kaplan SL Mason EO Jr Barson WJ . Three-year multicenter surveillance of systemic pneumococcal infections in children. Pediatrics 1998;102:538–45.

Dagan R Melamed R Muallem M . Nasopharyngeal colonization in southern Israel with antibiotic-resistant pneumococci during the first 2 years of life: Relation to serotypes likely to be included in pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. J Infect Dis 1996;174:1352–5.

Homoe P Prag J Farholt S . High rate of nasopharyngeal carriage of potential pathogens among children in Greenland: Results of a clinical survey of middle-ear disease. Clin Infect Dis 1996;23:1081–90.

Smith-Vaughan HC Leach AJ Shelby-James TM . Carriage of multiple ribotypes of non-encapsulated Haemophilus influenzae in Aboriginal infants with otitis media. Epidemiol Infect 1996;116:177–83.

Smith-Vaughan HC Sriprakash KS Mathews JD . Nonencapsulated Haemophilus influenzae in Aboriginal infants with otitis media: Prolonged carriage of P2 porin variants and evidence for horizontal P2 gene transfer. Infect Immun 1997;65:1468–74.

Faden H Duffy L Williams A . Epidemiology of nasopharyngeal colonization with nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae in the first 2 years of life. J Infect Dis 1995;172:132–5.

Faden H Duffy L Wasielewski R . Relationship between nasopharyngeal colonization and the development of otitis media in children. Tonawanda/Williamsville Pediatrics. J Infect Dis 1997;175:1440–5.

Barnes DM Whittier S Gilligan PH . Transmission of multidrug-resistant serotype 23F Streptococcus pneumoniae in group day care: Evidence suggesting capsular transformation of the resistant strain in vivo. J Infect Dis 1995;171:890–6.

Coffey TJ Enright MC Daniels M . Recombinational exchanges at the capsular polysaccharide biosynthetic locus lead to frequent serotype changes among natural isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Mol Microbiol 1998;27:73–83.

Aul JJ Anderson KW Wadowsky RM . Comparative evaluation of culture and PCR for the detection and determination of persistence of bacterial strains and DNAs in the Chinchilla laniger model of otitis media. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1998;107:508–13.

Post JC Preston RA Aul JJ . Molecular analysis of bacterial pathogens in otitis media with effusion. JAMA 1995;273:1598–604.

Rayner MG Zhang Y Gorry MC . Evidence of bacterial metabolic activity in culture-negative otitis media with effusion. JAMA 1998;279:296–9.

Kodama H Faden H Harabuchi Y . Adenoid lymphocyte responses to outer membrane protein P6 of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae in children with and without otitis media. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl (Stockh) 1996(suppl 523):153–4.

Sakamoto N Kurono Y Suzuki M . Immune responses of adenoidal lymphocytes specific to Haemophilus influenzae in the nasopharynx. Laryngoscope 1998;108:1036–41.

Bernstein JM Ballow M Xiang S . Th1/Th2 cytokine profiles in the nasopharyngeal lymphoid tissues of children with recurrent otitis media. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1998;107:22–7.

Mattila PS Tarkkanen J . Expression of the lymphocyte homing receptor L-selectin in adenoidal T lymphocytes. In: Lim DJ , ed. Abstracts of the Seventh International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media, Ft Lauderdale, Fla, 1999:118.

Lagging E Paptziamos G Hallden G . T-cell subsets in adenoids and peripheral blood related to age, otitis media with effusion and allergy. APMIS 1998;106:354–60.

Mattila PS Tarkkanen J . B- and T-lymphocyte sub-populations in the adenoids of children with otitis media. APMIS 1996;104:698–704.

Kawauchi H Sano K Shiba H . A transfer study of human tonsillar lymphocytes into NOD/LtSz-scid/scid mice. In: Lim DJ , ed. Abstracts of the Seventh International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media, Ft Lauderdale, Fla, 1999:119.

Cooter MD Eisma RJ Burleson JA . Transforming growth factor–β expression in otitis media with effusion. Laryngoscope 1998;108:1066–70.

Kamimura M Himi T Kataura A . In vitro regulation of neutrophil migration by β2 integrins (LFA-1 and Mac-1) in patients with otitis media. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 1997;254:150–2.

Himi T Kairemo KJ Ramsay HA . Expression profile of vascular cell adhesion molecule–1 (CD106) in the middle ear using radiolabeled monoclonal antibody. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 1998;225:179–83.

Harabuchi Y Murakata H Goh M . Serum antibodies specific to CD outer membrane protein of Moraxella catarrhalis, P6 outer membrane protein of non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae and capsular polysaccharides of Streptococcus pneumoniae in children with otitis media with effusion. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1998;118:826–32.

Hurst D Amin K Seveus L . Evidence of mast cell activity in the middle ears of children with otitis media with effusion. Laryngoscope 1999;109:471–7.