A review of international suicide rates indicates that although youth suicide rates are high, they are lower than rates for the elderly, have increased less dramatically in recent decades, and are higher for boys than for girls. It is argued that the increases in adolescent suicide rates that have occurred in some nations are a result of improved quality of life for adolescents, a factor that leads young people to blame themselves for failure.
Beck, A.T., Weissman, A., Lester, D., & Trexler, L. (1974). The measurement of pessimism. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 42, 861-865.
2.
Dollard, J., Doob, L., Miller, N., Mowrer, O., & Sears, R. (1939). Frustration and aggression. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
3.
Durkheim, E. (1897). Le suicide. Paris: Felix Alcan.
4.
Eckersley, R. (1993). Failing a generation. Journal of Pediatrics & Child Health, 29(Suppl. 1), S16-S19.
5.
Flouri, E., & Buchanan, A. (2002). The protective role of parental involvement in adolescent suicide. Crisis, 23, 17-22.
6.
Gould, M.A., Fisher, P., Parides, M., Flory, M., & Shaffer, D. (1996). Psychosocial risk factors of child and adolescent suicide. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53, 1155-1162.
7.
Gregory, R.I., & Wallace, J.G. (1963). Recovery from early blindness. Cambridge, UK: Heffer.
8.
Harris, T.L., & Molock, S.D. (2000). Cultural orientation, family cohesion, and family support in suicide ideation and depression among African American college students. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 30, 341-353.
9.
Hawton, K., Fagg, J., Platt, S., & Hawkins, M. (1993). Factors associated with suicide after parasuicide in young people. British Medical Journal, 306, 1641-1644.
10.
Henry, A.F., & Short, J.F. (1954). Suicide and homicide. New York: Free Press.
11.
Holinger, P.C. (1987). Violent deaths in the United States. New York: Guilford.
12.
Jacobs, J. (1971). Adolescent suicide. New York: John Wiley.
13.
Lester, D. (1970a). Suicidal behavior after restoration of sight. Journal of the American Medical Association, 214, 916.
14.
Lester, D. (1970b). Suicidal behavior and external constraints. Psychological Reports, 27, 777-778.
15.
Lester, D. (1971a) Suicide after restoration of sight. Journal of the American Medical Association, 216, 678-679.
16.
Lester, D. (1971b). Suicide and homicide in open and closed societies. Psychological Reports, 29, 430.
17.
Lester, D. (1972). Suicide after restoration of sight. Journal of the American Medical Association, 219, 757.
18.
Lester, D. (1987). Murder and suicide. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 5, 49-60.
19.
Lester, D. (1988). Youth suicide. Adolescence, 23, 955-958.
20.
Lester, D. (1989). Suicide from a sociological perspective. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas.
21.
Lester, D. (1993). Why are some nations experiencing an increase in youth suicide rates?Homeostasis, 36, 232-233.
22.
Lester, D. (1995). Thwarting disorientation and suicide. Cross-Cultural Research, 29, 14-26.
23.
Lester, D. (1996a). An encyclopedia of famous suicides. Commack, NY: Nova Science.
24.
Lester, D. (1996b). Patterns of suicide and homicide in the world. Commack, NY: Nova Science.
25.
Lester, D. (1997). Suicidality in German concentration camps. Archives of Suicide Research, 3, 223-224.
26.
Lester, D. (1998). Suicide in African Americans. Commack, NY: Nova Science.
27.
Lester, D. (Ed.). (2001). The epidemiology of suicide. In Suicide prevention: Resources for the Millennium (pp. 3-16). Philadelphia: Brunner-Routledge.
28.
Lester, D., Beck, A.T., & Mitchell, B. (1979). Extrapolating from attempted suicides to completed suicides. Journal of Abnormal Behavior, 88, 78-80.
29.
Lester, D., & Yang, B. (1998). Suicide and homicide in the 20th century. Commack, NY: Nova Science.
30.
Lester, D., & Yang, B. (2001, November 23-25). The economic cost of suicide. Paper presented at the No Suicide Conference, Geneva, Switzerland.
31.
Naroll, R. (1963). Thwarting disorientation and suicide. Unpublished manuscript, Northwestern University.
32.
Naroll, R. (1969). Cultural determinants and the concept of the sick society. In S.C. Plog & R.B. Edgerton (Eds.), Changing perspectives in mental illness (pp. 128-155). New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Uhlenberg, P., & Eggebeen, D. (1986). The declining well-being of American adolescents. Public Interest, 82, 25-38.
35.
Valvo, A. (1968). Behavior patterns and visual rehabilitation after early and long-lasting blindness. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 65, 19-24.
36.
Viscusi, W.K. (1994). Cigarette taxation and the social consequences of smoking. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
37.
Weinstein, M.C., & Saturno, P.J. (1989). Economic impact of youth suicides and suicide attempts. In Report of the secretary’s task force on youth suicide (Vol. 4, pp. 82-93). Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
