El estudio de las respuestas de orientación (RO) y defensa (RD) ha ocupado tradicionalmente un papel relevante en la investigación psicofisiológica. No obstante, la mayor parte de esos trabajos definen el carácter de la respuesta por las características estimulares. Desde un punto de vista diferente, en el que el papel del sujeto como receptor de la información cobra mayor relevancia, en el presente artículo se efectúa un análisis detallado de todos aquellos estudios que han revelado y estudiado la existencia de diferencias individuales en la elicitación de la respuesta de orientación y/o defensa. Estas diferencias individuales se han manifestado dentro de la elicitación de la RO, de la elicitación de la RD, y en la elicitación de uno u otro tipo de respuesta ante unos mismos estímulos, que se manifiesta, principalmente, en las diferencias existentes entre sujetos con y sin trastorno psicofisiológico, o entre sujetos con y sin miedos fóbicos.
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