El artículo examina los primeros pasos del niño en el proceso de adquisición de la lectura a través de los trabajos realizados en el curso de los últimos 20 años. El tema central concierne al desarrollo de los procesos de identificación de palabras escritas porque estos procesos son específicos de la lectura. Se argumenta que el dispositivo de identificación de palabras se desarrolla gracias a un mecanismo de autoaprendizaje que trabaja utilizando el procedimiento de ensamblaje fonológico. La conciencia de la estructura fonológica del habla, y en particular de las unidades fonémicas, está en la base de habilidades relacionadas de manera causal con el desarrollo de los mecanismos de lectura. Los trabajos destinados a estudiar el desarrollo de la conciencia fonémica muestran que ésta no se desarrolla sin una intervención del medio educativo específicamente destinada a ello. Este es un argumento a favor de los métodos de enseñanza de la lectura de inspiración fónica. El estudio comparativo de diferentes sistemas alfabéticos sugiere que los métodos de enseñanza fónicos están especialmente indicados en sistemas transparentes como el del castellano. Finalmente los problemas de lectura y la dislexia aparecen como dificultades de naturaleza fonológica. Estas dificultades no se limitan al procesamiento de palabras escritas sino que se extienden a otros dominios de la fonología tales como la discriminación fonémica fina y el acceso a las representaciones fonológicas de las palabras tal como se manifiesta en tareas de nombramiento de imágenes y de fluidez verbal.
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