Foundations are prime constructors of hegemony, by promoting consent and discouraging dissent against capitalist democracy. There is considerable collaboration among foundations and their networks of nonprofits; between philanthropic foundations and profitmaking corporations; and between the foundation world and government entities, local, state, national and international. We do not have to posit any secret conspiracies (although they may well exist). The proponents of “civil society” celebrate the erosion of boundaries, especially those between the public and private sectors, while “networks” consisting of funders and grassroots organizations enable the powerful to appear as just another participant. These developments, as Zbigniew Brzezinski has observed, “obscure asymmetries in power and influence.” Democratic institutions are quietly being supplanted by a “new feudalism.”
Arnove, Robert, ed. 1980. Philanthropy and Cultural Imperialism. Boston, MA: G. K. Hall.
2.
Berman, Edward.1983. The Influence of the Carnegie, Ford, and Rockefeller Foundations on American Foreign Policy. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
3.
Brzezinski, Zbigniew.1997. The Grand Chessboard. New York : Basic Books.
Civnet News. 1999. (September 20). Retrieved 5 July 2000(http://civnet.org/news/news.htm).
6.
Cohen, Roger.2000. “Who Really Brought Down Milosevic?” New York Times Magazine, 26 November. Retrieved 27 November 2000(http://www.nytimes.com).
7.
Congressional Quarterly.1967. “ CIA Funding of Domestic Groups.” (24 February): 271—272.
8.
Council on Hemispheric Affairs.1990. National Endowment for Democracy (NED): A Foreign Policy Branch Gone Awry . Albuquerque, NM: Inter-Hemispheric Resource Center.
9.
Domhoff, G. William.1990. The Power Elite and the State. New York: De Gruyter.
10.
———. 1998. Who Rules America: Power and Politics in the Year 2000 . 3rd ed. Mountain View, CA: Mayfield.
11.
East European Cultural Foundation. n.d. Flyer . London: EECF.
12.
Filer Commission.1977. Research Papers ofthe Commission on Private Philanthropy and Public Needs. 5 vols. Washington DC: US Department of the Treasury.
13.
Fisher, Donald.1993. Fundamental Development of the Social Sciences . Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
14.
Gramsci, Antonio.1971. Selections from the Prison Notebooks. New York: International.
Hall, Peter Dobkin.1992. Inventing the Nonprofit Sector. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins.
17.
Hays, Samuel P.1957. The Response to Industrialism: 1885-1914. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press .
18.
Horne, Gerald.1986. Black and Red: W. E. B. Du Bois and the Afro-American Response to the Cold War, 1944—1963. Albany: State University of New York Press.
19.
Howe, Barbara.1980. “The Emergence of Scientific Philanthropy 1900—1920 .” In Philanthropy and Cultural Imperialism, ed. Robert Arnove. Boston, MA: G. K. Hall , 25—54.
20.
Karl, Barry D. and Stanley N. Katz .1981. “The American Private Philanthropic Foundation and the Public Sphere 1890—1930.” Minerva19 (Summer): 236—270.
21.
Magat, Richard.1979. The Ford Foundation at Work: Philanthropic Choices, Methods and Styles. New York: Plenum .
22.
Marchetti, Victor and JonMarks .1980. The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence . New York: Dell.
23.
Marx, Karl.1956. Capital III. In Karl Marx: Selected Writings in Sociology and Social Philosophy, eds. T. B. Bottomore and M. Rubel.New York: McGraw-Hill.
Mott Foundation.2000. 2000Grants Database. Civil Society-Central/Eastern Europe, Russia and the Republics-1995—1999 . Retrieved 25 July 2000(http://www.mott.org/cgibin/mottgrants/grantsearch.pl) .
26.
Pinto-Duschinsky, Michael.1997. “The Rise of `Political Aid.'” In Consolidating Third Wave Democracies, ed. Larry Diamond et al. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
27.
President's Research Committee on Social Trends. [1933] 1970. Recent Social Trends in the United States. 2 vols. Greenwood, CT: Westport.
28.
Rieff, David.1999. “Civil Society and the Future of the Nation-State .” Nation, 22 February: 11—16.
29.
Roberts, Alasdair.1994. “Demonstrating Neutrality: The Rockefeller Philanthropies and the Evolution of Public Administration, 1927—1936 .” Public Administration Review54 (May/ June): 221.
30.
Roelofs, Joan.2003. Foundations and Public Policy: The Mask of Pluralism . Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
31.
Ross, B. Joyce.1972. J. E. Springarn and the Rise of the NAACP: 1911-1939 . New York: Atheneum.
32.
Saunders, Frances Stonor.1999. Who Paid the Piper?: The CIA and the Cultural Cold War. Granta: London. Published in the US as The Cultural Cold War. New Press: New York.
33.
SDI (Shack/Slum Dwellers' International).2004. Home Page. Retrieved 23 September 2004(http://www.sdinet.org/pages/amain.html).
34.
Seligman, Joel.1978. The High Citadel: The Influence ofHarvard Law School. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
35.
Shenon, Philip.2001. “House Votes Haunt Retreat Meant to Spur Collegiality .” New York Times 10 March: NE 17.
36.
Shoup, Lawrence and William Minter.1977. Imperial Brain Trust. New York: Monthly Review Press.
37.
Tandon, Rajesh and Miguel Darcy de Oliveira.1994. Citizens — Strengthening Global Civil Society. Washington, DC: CIVICUS. Excerpt from Chapter 1. Retrieved 15 May 2001(http://www.civicus.org/pages/pubs9.html).
38.
US Congress.1915. Commission on Industrial Relations (Walsh Commission). Report. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
39.
———. 1954. House. Special Committee to Investigate Tax-exempt Foundations and Comparable Organizations. Tax-exempt Foundations. 83rd Cong. 2nd Sess.
40.
———. 1969a. House. Committee on Ways and Means.Hearings on Tax Reform. 91st Cong., 1st Sess .
41.
———. 1969b. Senate. Committee on Finance.Hearings on Improper Payments by Private Foundations to Government Officials. 91st Cong. 1st Sess.
42.
———. 1970. Staff of the Joint Committee on Internal Revenue Taxation.General Explanation of the Tax Reform Act of 1969. Washington, DC: GPO .
43.
———. 1973. House. Committee on Banking.Hearings on Exempt Foundations and Charitable Trusts before the Subcommittee on Domestic Finance. 93rd Cong., 1st Sess. (Patman Committee)
44.
———. 1999. House. Committee on Science.Subcommittee on Basic Research. Hearings. (July 29). Available: http://www.house.gov/science/bartlett_072999.htm.
45.
Wright, Talmadge, Felix Rodriguez and Howard Waitzkin.1985. “ Corporate Interests, Philanthropies, and the Peace Movement.” Monthly Review (February): 19—31.
46.
Wyszomirski, Margaret J.1999. “Philanthropy and Culture” In Philanthropy and the Nonprofit Sector in a Changing America, ed. Charles T. Clotfelter and Thomas Ehrlich.Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
