Optic Nerve Diameter on Non-Contrast Computed Tomography and Intracranial Hypertension in Patients With Acute Brain Injury: A Validation Study

Abstract

Intracranial hypertension is a feared complication of acute brain injury that can cause ischemic stroke, herniation, and death. Identifying those at risk is difficult, and the physical examination is often confounded. Given the widespread availability and use of computed tomography (CT) in patients with acute brain injury, prior work has attempted to use optic nerve diameter measurements to identify those at risk of intracranial hypertension. We aimed to validate the use of optic nerve diameter measurements on CT as a screening tool for intracranial hypertension in a large cohort of brain-injured patients. We performed a retrospective observational cohort study in a single tertiary referral Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit. We identified patients with documented intracranial pressure (ICP) measures as part of their routine clinical care who had non-contrast CT head scans collected within 24 h, and then measured the optic nerve diameters and explored the relationship and test characteristics of these measures to identify those at risk of intracranial hypertension. In a cohort of 314 patients, optic nerve diameter on CT was linearly but weakly associated with ICP. When used to identify those with intracranial hypertension (> 20 mm Hg), the area under the receiver operator curve (AUROC) was 0.68. Using a previously proposed threshold of 0.6 cm, the sensitivity was 81%, specificity 43%, positive likelihood ratio 1.4, and negative likelihood ratio 0.45. CT-derived optic nerve diameter using a threshold of 0.6 cm is sensitive but not specific for intracranial hypertension, and the overall correlation is weak.