This study aimed to evaluate the effect of perilla oil (PO) on high-fat diet (HD)-induced colonic inflammation. Male C57BL/6J mice (5 weeks old) were divided into four groups: normal diet, HD, HD supplemented with fish oil (FO), and HD supplemented with PO, and were fed experimental diets for 16 weeks. PO significantly ameliorated (P < .05) the HD-induced colon inflammation as indicated by the increased colon length and low macroscopic score. PO increased the number of Bifidobacteria and reduced the number of Enterobacteriaceae, which in turn resulted in the lowering of endotoxin levels. Proinflammatory cytokines in serum and colon such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α were also decreased by PO treatment. In addition, PO suppressed the expression of cyclooxygenase 2 and inducible nitric oxide, and inhibited the activation of nuclear factor-κB in the colon while increasing the expression of the tight junction protein, Zonula occludens-1. The gene expression of GPR120, a membrane receptor activated by omega-3 fatty acids, was increased in the oil-treated groups. Altogether, PO improved HD-induced colon inflammatory conditions, and the effects were similar to those of FO, confirming that PO is a potential omega-3 fatty acid source for dietary supplements.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
MinihaneAM, VinoyS, RussellWR, et al.: Low-grade inflammation, diet composition and health: Current research evidence and its translation. Br J Nutr, 2015; 114:999–1012.
2.
NgSc, ShiHY, HamidiN, et al.: Worldwide incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease in the 21st century: A systematic review of population-based studies. Lancet, 2017; 390:2769–2778.
3.
KwakMS, ChaJM, LeeHH, et al.: Emerging trends of inflammatory bowel disease in South Korea: A nationwide population-based study. J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2019; 34:1018–1026.
4.
KimKA, GuW, LeeIA, JohEH, KimDH: High fat diet-induced gut microbiota exacerbates inflammation and obesity in mice via the TLR4 signaling pathway. PLoS One, 2012; 7:e47713.
5.
SwansonD, BlockR, MousaSA: Omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA: Health benefits throughout life. Adv Nutr, 2012; 3:1–7.
6.
AnderBP, DupasquierCM, ProciukMA, PierceGN: Polyunsaturated fatty acids and their effects on cardiovascular disease. Exp Clin Cardiol, 2003; 8:164–172.
7.
D'ArchivioM, ScazzocchioB, VariR, SantangeloC, GiovanniniC, MasellaRJ: Recent evidence on the role of dietary PUFAs in cancer development and prevention. Curr Med Chem, 2018; 25:1818–1836.
8.
BargutTCL, FerreiraTPT, DalepraneJB, MartinsMA, SilvaPMR, AguilaMB: Fish oil has beneficial effects on allergen-induced airway inflammation and hyperreactivity in mice. PLoS One, 2013; 8:e75059.
9.
de ArrudaLLM, AmesFQ, de MoraisDR, et al.: A single administration of fish oil inhibits the acute inflammatory response in rats. Asian Pac J Trop Med, 2017; 10:765–772.
10.
LiY, ZhaoF, WuQ, et al.: Fish oil diet may reduce inflammatory levels in the liver of middle-aged rats. Sci Rep, 2017; 7:6241.
11.
BouwensM, van de RestO, DellschaftN, et al.: Fish-oil supplementation induces antiinflammatory gene expression profiles in human blood mononuclear cells. Am J Clin Nutr, 2009; 90:415–424.
12.
EzakiO, TakahashiM, ShigematsuT, et al.: Long-term effects of dietary alpha-linolenic acid from perilla oil on serum fatty acids composition and on the risk factors of coronary heart disease in Japanese elderly subjects. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol, 1999; 45:759–772.
13.
AsifM: Health effects of omega-3,6,9 fatty acids: Perilla frutescens is a good example of plant oils. Orient Pharm Exp Med, 2011; 11:51–59.
14.
ChaY. Jang JY, Ban YH, et al.: Anti-atherosclerotic effects of perilla oil in rabbits fed a high-cholesterol diet. Lab Anim Res, 2016; 32:171–179.
15.
WeiM, XiongP, ZhangL, et al.: Perilla oil and exercise decrease expressions of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and highly sensitive C-reactive protein in patients with hyperlipidemia. J Tradit Chin Med, 2013; 33:170–175.
16.
ChangHH, ChenCS, LinJY: Protective effect of dietary perilla oil on allergic inflammation in asthmatic mice. Eur J Lipid Sc Technol, 2012; 114:1007–1015.
17.
YangW, ChenX, LiuY, et al.: N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids increase hepatic fibroblast growth factor 21 sensitivity via a PPAR-γ-β-klotho pathway. Mol Nutr Food Res, 2017; 61:1601075.
18.
KimKA, JangSE, JeongJJ, YuDH, HanMJ, KimDH: Doenjang, a Korean soybean paste, ameliorates TNBS-induced colitis in mice by suppressing gut microbial lipopolysaccharide production and NF-κB activation. J Funct Foods, 2014; 11:417–427.
19.
ThomasSS, KimM, LeeSJ, ChaYS: Antiobesity effects of purple Perilla (Perilla frutescens var. acuta) on adipocyte differentiation and mice fed a high-fat diet. J Food Sci, 2018; 83:2384–2393.
20.
DuanY, ZengL, ZhengC, et al.: Inflammatory links between high fat diets and diseases. Front Immunol, 2018; 9:2649.
FahrmannJF, BallesterOF, BallesterG, et al.: Inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B activation in early-stage chronic lymphocytic leukemia by omega-3 fatty acids. Cancer Invest, 2013; 31:24–38.
23.
TeixeiraLG, LeonelAJ, AguilarEC, et al.: The combination of high-fat diet-induced obesity and chronic ulcerative colitis reciprocally exacerbates adipose tissue and colon inflammation. Lipids Health Dis, 2011; 10:204.
24.
ChengL, JinH, QiangY, et al.: High fat diet exacerbates dextran sulfate sodium induced colitis through disturbing mucosal dendritic cell homeostasis. Int Immunopharmacol, 2016; 40:1–10.
25.
LeeJC, LeeHY, KimTK, et al.: Obesogenic diet-induced gut barrier dysfunction and pathobiont expansion aggravate experimental colitis. PLoS One, 2017; 12:e0187515.
26.
LimSM, ChoiHS, KimDH: The mixture of Anemarrhena asphodeloides and Coptis chinensis attenuates high-fat diet-induced colitis in mice. Am J Chin Med, 2017; 45:1033–1046.
27.
LimSM, KimDH: Bifidobacterium adolescentis IM38 ameliorates high-fat diet–induced colitis in mice by inhibiting NF-κB activation and lipopolysaccharide production by gut microbiota. Nutr Res, 2017; 41:86–96.
28.
LongvahT, DeosthaleYG: Chemical and nutritional studies on Hanshi (Perilla frutescens), a traditional oilseed from Northeast India. J Am Oil Chem Soc, 1991; 68:781–784.
29.
LeeAY, ChoiJM, LeeMH, LeeJ, LeeS, ChoEJ: Protective effects of perilla oil and alpha linolenic acid on SH-SY5Y neuronal cell death induced by hydrogen peroxide. Nutr Res Pract, 2018; 12:93–100.
30.
ChenT, YuanF, WangH, et al.: Perilla oil supplementation ameliorates high-fat/high-cholesterol diet induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in rats via enhanced fecal cholesterol and bile acid excretion. Biomed Res Int, 2016; 2016:2384561.
31.
TianY, WangH, YuanF, et al.: Perilla oil has similar protective effects of fish oil on high-fat diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and gut dysbiosis. Biomed Res Int, 2016; 2016:9462571.
Allam-NdoulB, GuénardF, BarbierO, VohlMC: Effect of n-3 fatty acids on the expression of inflammatory genes in THP-1 macrophages. Lipids Health Dis, 2016; 15:69.
36.
LeeB, MoonKM, KimCY: Tight junction in the intestinal epithelium: Its association with diseases and regulation by phytochemicals. J Immunol Res, 2018; 2018:2645465.
37.
MaTY, IwamotoGK, HoaNT, et al.: TNF-alpha-induced increase in intestinal epithelial tight junction permeability requires NF-kappa B activation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, 2004; 286:G367–G376.
38.
YookJS, KimKA, KimM, ChaYS.: Black adzuki bean (Vigna angularis) attenuates high-fat diet-induced colon inflammation in mice. J Med Food, 2017; 20:367–375.
39.
RenZ, ChenL, WangY, et al.: Activation of the omega-3 fatty acid receptor GPR120 protects against focal cerebral ischemic injury by reventing inflammation and apoptosis in mice. J Immunol, 2019; 202:747–759.
40.
ZhaoJ, WangH, ShiP, WangW, SunY: GPR120, a potential therapeutic target for experimental colitis in IL-10 deficient mice. Oncotarget, 2017; 8:8397–8405.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
