Pre-Pandemic Physical Activity and Early COVID-19 Pandemic Depressive Symptoms in Older Adults

Abstract

Importance:

Pre-pandemic physical activity (PA) levels may be associated with a lower risk of experiencing depressive symptoms in the context of psychosocial resilience during a global crisis.

Objective:

To investigate the association between self-reported pre-pandemic PA levels and the risk of experiencing depressive symptoms during the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in older U.S. adults.

Design, Setting, and Participants:

We combined three large ongoing prospective cohorts of US adults who provided pre-pandemic baseline self-reports of leisure-time PA and other risk factors using the most recent questionnaire completed as of December 2019. In June 2020, participants reported in a survey whether they had experienced depressive symptoms in the last 7 days.

Exposure:

Pre-pandemic PA data were categorized by validated criteria into three groups by metabolic equivalent hours per week (MET-hr/wk): inactive (0–3.5), insufficiently active (>3.5 to <7.5), and sufficiently active (≥7.5).

Main Outcome and Measures:

Our primary outcome was depressive symptoms experienced during the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, assessed by the PROMIS-29 depression domain. We used multivariate logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association of each of the two upper pre-pandemic PA categories versus the lowest PA category with depressive symptoms during the early pandemic.

Results:

In total, 35,320 older U.S. adults comprised the pooled cohort (mean [standard deviation] age, 74.9[5.9] years; 66.8% female). For PA categories, 15.8% were inactive; 10.4% insufficiently active; and 73.8%, sufficiently active. A total of 1668 participants reported experiencing depressive symptoms in June 2020. After controlling for demographics, lifestyle factors, comorbidities, medications, and pre-pandemic depression at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, compared with the inactive group, those sufficiently active had significantly lower odds of experiencing depressive symptoms (OR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.66–0.86). In subgroup analyses, the association between PA and depressive symptoms differed by ethnic group.

Conclusion and Relevance:

In this cohort of older U.S. adults, those who achieved at least 7.5 MET-hr/wk of pre-pandemic PA had lower odds of exhibiting depressive symptoms during the early months of the pandemic. Hence, higher pre-pandemic PA levels may be associated with lower odds of experiencing depressive symptoms during exceptional global crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic.