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3.
CEFIC. Measuring Biobased raw materials use in the chemical industry, 2014.
4.
Sigurd Næss-SchmidtH, Steen-KnudsenJ, von BelowD. Geographical employment potentials from bioeconomy. (2015) Copenhagen Economics, prepared for the United Federation of Danish Workers. Available at: www.copenhageneconomics.com/dyn/resources/Publication/publicationPDF/4/344/1457443525/geographical-employment-potentials-from-bioeconomy.pdf (Last accessed July2017).
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CarusM. Biobased economy and climate change: Important links, pitfalls, and opportunities. Ind Biotechnol, 2017; 13(2):41–51.
6.
The Agenda sets out the framework in which the biobased industries in Europe operate, the aim being the integrated production of chemicals, materials, fuels, etc. The BBI joint undertaking work programs will dovetail with other parts of Horizon 2020 and overlaps will be excluded. For example, standalone biofuel projects (including aviation) and energy-driven biorefinery projects are a focus of Horizon 2020—Societal Challenge 3 (secure, clean and efficient energy) calls. The industries cover advanced biofuels in BBI through cascading biomass-driven biorefinery projects focused on high added-value products (materials, chemicals) and a limited number of advanced bioethanol activities conceived as a stepping stone to integrated biorefineries.
7.
This objective has been expanded as compared with the 2014 version to include aquatic feedstock, biowaste and CO2.
8.
ScarlatS, DallemandJF, Monforti-FerrarioF, NitaV. The role of biomass and bioenergy in a future bioeconomy: Policies and facts. 2015, Eurostat.
9.
The original objective (2013) aimed only at sources traditionally referred to as “waste” and unused as feedstock for biobased industries for valorization into chemicals and materials.
10.
Including by-products and waste from agriculture, forestry, aquaculture, wastewater treatment, sludge (such as semi-solid slurry from water treatment plants, or suspension from drinking water treatment processes), organic household waste, yard waste, food processing waste, debarking waste.
11.
IEA Bioenergy Task 37. Available at: www.iea-biogas.net/technical-brochures.html (Last accessed July2017).
12.
“Marginal land” includes all land that is less favored for various reasons, such as reduced fertility, limited access to infrastructure or adverse climate conditions. See for example: Shortall OK. “Marginal land” for energy crops: Exploring definitions and embedded assumptions, 2013.
13.
This is a newly added objective to focus BBI activities as part of a renewable circular economy.
14.
Fertilizers Europe. Available at: www.fertilizerseurope.com/fileadmin/user_upload/publications/statistics_publications/ Stat_website.pdf (Last accessed July2017)
15.
This objective will receive additional impetus from the proposed new EU regulation on fertilising products. See: https://ec.europa.eu/transparency/regdoc/rep/1/2016/EN/1-2016-157-EN-F1-1.PDF (Last accessed July2017).
16.
Advanced biofuels are defined by the European Industrial Bioenergy Initiative as those (1) produced from lignocellulosic feedstocks (i.e., agricultural and forestry residues, such as wheat straw, corn stover, bagasse or wood based biomass), non-food crops (i.e., grasses, miscanthus or algae), or industrial waste and residue streams, (2) having low CO2 emission or high GHG emission reduction, and (3) reaching zero or low ILUC impact. Available at: www.biofuelstp.eu/advancedbiofuels.htm (Last accessed July2017).
17.
A 2% substitution of transport fuels in 2020 with advanced ethanol would require 45 million tonnes of biomass. See also: https://setis.ec.europa.eu/system/files/Bioenergy%20EII%202013-2017%20IP.pdf (Last accessed July2017).
18.
European Road Transport Research Advisory Council. (2010) Towards a 50% more efficient road transport system by 2030. Available at: www.ertrac.org/uploads/documentsearch/id21/ERTRAC_SRA_2010.pdf (Last accessed July2017).
19.
This is a newly added objective to include biowaste and marine/aquatic sources into BBI activities.
20.
This is a newly added objective to include the BBI contribution to legislation and standardization.
21.
Results from the 2014 and 2015 calls, with SME status based on “self-declarations.”
22.
European Commission. (2017) Circular Economy. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/circular-economy/index_en.htm (Last accessed July2017).
23.
See Position of the Biobased Industries Consortium on the European circular economy package. Available at: http://biconsortium.eu/sites/biconsortium.eu/files/documents/Biobased_Industries_position_EU_ CircularEconomyPackage_NOV2015.pdf (Last accessed July2017).
24.
World Economic Forum, Ellen MacArthur Foundation and McKinsey & Company. (2016) The New Plastics Economy — Rethinking the future of plastics. Available at: www.mckinsey.com/∼/media/mckinsey/business%20functions/sustainability%20and%20resource%20productivity/our%20insights/rethinking%20future%20of%20plastics/the%20new%20plastics%20economy.ashx (Last accessed July2016).
European Commission. (2014) For a European Industrial Renaissance. Available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52014DC0014&from=EN, p. 10.
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European Commission. Digital Single Market. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/open-innovation-open-science-open-worldvision-europe (Last accessed July2016).
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European Commission. (2017) Associated Countries. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/grants_manual/hi/3cpart/h2020-hi-listac_en.pdf (Last accessed July2017).
29.
Including manure and other residues from farming and other activities based on land-grown feedstock.
30.
The abandonment of forest and rural productive areas is increasing; see Agri-environmental indicator—Risk of land abandonment, Institute for European Environmental Policy, 2013. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Agri-environmental_indicator_-_risk_of_land_abandonment (Last accessed July2017).
31.
In addressing the marginal land issue the BBI Initiative will avoid duplicating the work done in other parts of Horizon 2020 Societal Challenge 2.
32.
These include “woody and non-woody forest feedstock” such as medicinal plants, resins, tannin, etc.
33.
These include innards and bycatch.
34.
Report on the experts' workshop on the potential of “new marine to biobased products value chains” for the next BBI joint undertaking work program; European Commission, 20April2016.
35.
The Waste Framework Directive (2008/98/EC) defines biowaste as biodegradable garden and park waste, food and kitchen waste from households, restaurants, caterers and retail premises, and comparable waste from food processing plants. This Agenda also includes urban wastewater as biowaste. It excludes the by-products of food production that never become “waste.” It covers residual streams from agriculture and forestry, including manure and sewage sludge, together with other side streams from these industrial sectors.
36.
Sustainable Process Industry through Resource and Energy Efficiency. Available at: www.spire2030.eu (Last accessed July2017).
37.
BIO-TIC. Research and development roadmap. Available at: www.industrialbiotech-europe.eu/ (Last accessed July2017).
38.
Star-Colibri. (2011) European Biorefinery Joint Strategic Research Roadmap for 2020. Available at: http://beaconwales.org/uploads/resources/Vision_2020_-_European_Biorefinery_Joint_Strategic_Research_Roadmap.pdf (Last accessed July2017).
39.
World Health Organization. Availability and changes in consumption of animal products. Available at: www.who.int/nutrition/topics/3_foodconsumption/en/index4.html (Last accessed July2017).
40.
BioSTEP. (2016) Bioeconomy in everyday life. Available at: www.bio-step.eu/fileadmin/BioSTEP/Bio_documents/BioSTEP_Bioeconomy-in-everyday-life_Glasgow_Exhibition-Guide.pdf (Last accessed July2017).
41.
European Commission. (2016) 15 recommendations for an increased uptake of bio-based products in public procurement. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/growth/tools-databases/newsroom/cf/itemdetail.cfm?item_id=8767 (Last accessed July2017).
