In this work, magnetic based activated carbon (MPSAC) was prepared via a simple one-step method in the presence of K2CO3 and Fe3O4 and further examined as an adsorbent for the removal of Pb(II). MPSAC possessed a well-developed porosity structure with a high surface area of 1,219 m2/g and contained rich carboxylic functional groups on the surface. It can be separated easily from a suspended system. The pHIEP value of MPSAC was notably lower than the pHPZC, suggesting that the negatively charged surface was largely distributed in the external area. Batch adsorption experiments were carried out by varying the initial pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage, initial Pb(II) concentration, and temperature of solution. Results show that adsorption of Pb(II) on MPSAC was dependent on contact time, solution pH, adsorbent dosage, initial Pb(II) concentration, and temperature, especially solution pH having strong effects at pH 2–4. Adsorption kinetic and equilibrium data were well described by the pseudo-second-order model and Langmuir isotherm with the maximum monolayer adsorption amounts of 146.20, 152.67, and 158.73 mg/g at 293, 303, and 313 K, respectively. Intra-particle diffusion mechanism was partially responsible for the adsorption. The thermodynamic study indicated that the adsorption was a spontaneous and endothermic process. Competitive adsorption showed that MPSAC has a good adsorption selectivity for removal of Pb(II) ion.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
BabelS., and KurniawanT.A. (2004). Cr(VI) removal from synthetic wastewater using coconut shell charcoal and commercial activated carbon modified with oxidizing agents and/or chitosan. Chemosphere. 54, 951.
2.
BastamiT.R. and EntezariM.H. (2012). Activated carbon from carrot dross combined with magnetite nanoparticles for the efficient removal of p-nitrophenol from aqueous solution. Chem. Eng. J., 210, 510.
3.
BelloO.S., FatonaT.A., FalayeF.S., OsuolaleO.M., and NjokuV.O. (2012). Adsorption of eosin dye from aqueous solution using groundnut hull–based activated carbon: Kinetic, equilibrium, and thermodynamic studies. Environ. Eng. Sci., 29, 186.
4.
BoudrahemF., Aissani-BenissadF., and Aït-AmarH. (2009). Batch sorption dynamics and equilibrium for the removal of lead ions from aqueous phase using activated carbon developed from coffee residue activated with zinc chloride. J. Environ. Manage., 90, 3031.
5.
CechinelM.A.P., de SouzaS.M.A.G.U., and de SouzaA.A.U. (2014). Study of lead (II) adsorption onto activated carbon originating from cow bone. J. Clean. Prod., 65, 342.
6.
ChingombeP., SahaB., and WakemanR.J. (2005). Surface modification and characterisation of a coal-based activated carbon. Carbon. 43, 3132.
7.
DemiralH., BaykulE., GezerM.D., ErkoçS., EnginA., and BaykulM.C. (2014). Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from chestnut shell and its adsorption characteristics for lead. Separ. Sci. Technol., 49, 2711.
8.
FaulconerE.K., von ReitzensteinN.V.H., and MazyckD.W. (2012). Optimization of magnetic powdered activated carbon for aqueous Hg(II) removal and magnetic recovery. J. Hazard. Mater., 199, 9.
9.
FooK.Y., LeeL.K., and HameedB.H. (2013). Preparation of activated carbon from sugarcane bagasse by microwave assisted activation for the remediation of semi-aerobic landfill leachate. Bioresour. Technol., 134, 166.
10.
FuR.Q., LiuY., LouZ.M., WangZ.X., BaigS.A., and XuX.H. (2016). Adsorptive removal of Pb(II) by magnetic activated carbon incorporated with amino groups from aqueous solutions. J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. E., 62, 247.
11.
GoertzenS.L., ThériaultK.D., OickleA.M., TarasukA.C., and AndreasH.A. (2010). Standardization of the Boehm titration. Part I. CO2 expulsion and endpoint determination. Carbon., 48, 1252.
12.
González-MuñozM.J., RodríguezM.A., LuqueS., and ÁlvarezJ.R. (2006). Recovery of heavy metals from metal industry waste waters by chemical precipitation and nanofiltration. Desalination. 200, 742.
13.
GuoY.P., and RockstrawD.A. (2007). Activated carbons prepared from rice hull by one-step phosphoric acid activation. Micropor. Mesopor. Mat., 100, 12.
14.
GurtenI.I., OzmakM., YagmurE., and AktasZ. (2012). Preparation and characterisation of activated carbon from waste tea using K2CO3. Biomass Bioenerg. 37, 73.
15.
HanZ.T., SaniB., MrozikW., ObstM., BeckinghamB., KarapanagiotiH.K., and WernerD. (2015). Magnetite impregnation effects on the sorbent properties of activated carbons and biochars. Water Res. 70, 394.
16.
HuangY., LiS.X., LinH.B., and ChenJ.H. (2014). Fabrication and characterization of mesoporous activated carbonfrom Lemna minor using one-step H3PO4activation for Pb(II) removal. Appl. Surf. Sci., 317, 422.
17.
IbrahimM.N., NgahW.S., NorliyanaM.S., DaudW.R., RafatullahM., SulaimanO., and HashimR. (2010). A novel agricultural waste adsorbent for the removal of lead(II) ionsfrom aqueous solutions. J. Hazard. Mater., 182, 377.
18.
KadirveluK., GoelJ., and RajagopalC. (2008). Sorption of lead, mercury and cadmium ions in multi-component system using carbon aerogel as adsorbent. J. Hazard. Mater., 153, 502.
19.
KakavandiB., KalantaryR.R., JafariA.J., NasseriA., AmeriA., EsrafiliA., and AzariA. (2015). Pb(II) Adsorption onto a magnetic composite of activated carbon and superparamagnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles: Experimental and modeling study. Clean-Soil Air Water. 43, 1157.
20.
KhanM.N., BhuttoS., WasimA.A., and KhurshidS. (2016). Removal studies of lead onto activated carbon derived from lignocellulosic Mangifera indica seed shell. Desalin. Water Treat., 57, 11211.
21.
LiC.G., DongL.Y., JiY.Y., ZhuY.F., and FangS.S. (2010a). Study on extraction of cellulose and removal of hemicelluloses and lignin from peanut hull. Chin. Agric. Sci. Bull., 26, 350.
22.
LiY.H., DuQ.J., WangX.D., ZhangP., WangD.C., WangZ.H., and XiaY.Z. (2010b). Removal of lead from aqueous solution by activated carbon prepared from Enteromorpha prolifera by zinc chloride activation. J. Hazard. Mater., 183, 583.
23.
LiuY.C., ZhuX.D., QianF, ZhangS., and ChenJ. (2014). Magnetic activated carbon prepared from rice straw-derived hydrochar for triclosan removal. RSC Adv. 4, 63620.
24.
LiuY.X., YanJ.M., YuanD.X., LiaQ.L., and WubX.Y. (2013). The study of lead removal from aqueous solution using an electrochemical method with a stainless steel net electrode coated with single wall carbon nanotubes. Chem. Eng. J., 218, 81.
25.
LompeK.M., MenardD., and BarbeauB. (2016). Performance of biological magnetic powdered activated carbon for drinking water purification. Water Res. 96, 42.
26.
MachidaM., YamazakiR., AikawaM., and TatsumotoH. (2005). Role of minerals in carbonaceous adsorbents for removal of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solution. Sep. Purif. Technol., 46, 88.
27.
MenéndezJ.A., Illán-GómezM.J., LeónC.A.L.Y., and RadovicL.R. (1995). On the difference between the isoelectric point and the point of zero charge of carbons. Carbon. 33, 1655.
28.
MohammadiS.Z., KarimiM.A., AfzaliD., and MansouriF. (2010). Removal of Pb(II) from aqueous solutions using activated carbon from Sea-buckthorn stones by chemical activation. Desalination. 262, 86.
29.
MohandasJ., KumarT., RajanS.K., VelmuruganS., and NarasimhanS.V. (2008). Introduction of bifunctionality into the phosphinic acid ion-exchange resin for enhancing metal ion complexation. Desalination. 232, 3.
30.
MouniL., MerabetD., BouzazaA., and BelkhiriL. (2011). Adsorption of Pb(II) from aqueous solutions using activated carbon developed from Apricot stone. Desalination. 276, 148.
31.
NightingaleE.R. (1959). Phenomenological Theory of Ion Solvation. Effective Radii of Hydrated Ions. J. Phys. Chem., 63, 1381.
32.
PangF.M., KumarP., TengT.T., OmarA.K.M., and WasewarK.L. (2011). Removal of lead, zinc and iron by coagulation–flocculation. J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. E., 42, 809.
33.
PartlanE., DavisK., RenY., ApulO.G., MeffordO.T., KaranfilT., and LadnerD.A. (2016). Effect of bead milling on chemical and physical characteristics of activated carbons pulverized to superfine sizes. Water Res. 89, 161.
34.
PrasherS.O., BeaugeardM., HawariJ., BeraP., PatelR.M., and KimS.H. (2004). Biosorption of heavy metals by red algae (Palmaria palmata). Environ. Technol., 25, 1097.
35.
PraveenR.S., and VijayaraghavanK. (2015). Optimization of Cu(II), Ni(II), Cd(II) and Pb(II) biosorption by red marine alga Kappaphycus alvarezii. Desalin. Water Treat., 55, 1816.
36.
SagY., AkeaelB., and KutsalT. (2002). Ternery biosorption equilibria of Cr(VI) Cu(II) and Cd(II) on Rhizopus arrihzus. Sep. Sci. Technol., 37, 279.
37.
SemerjianL. (2010). Equilibrium and kinetics of cadmium adsorption from aqueous solutions using untreated Pinus halepensis sawdust. J. Hazard. Mater., 173, 236.
38.
SheelaT., and NayakaY.A. (2012). Kinetics and thermodynamics of cadmium and lead ions adsorption on NiO nanoparticles. Chem. Eng. J., 191, 123.
39.
SheelaT., NayakaY.A., ViswanathaR., BasavannaS., and VenkateshaT.G. (2012). Kinetics and thermodynamics studies on the adsorption of Zn(II), Cd(II) and Hg(II) from aqueous solution using zinc oxide nanoparticles. Powder Technol. 217, 163.
40.
Silva-MedeirosF.V., Consolin-FilhoN., LimaM.X.D., BazzoF.P., BarrosM.A.S.D., BergamascoR., and TavaresC.R.G. (2016). Kinetics and thermodynamics studies of silver ions adsorption onto coconut shell activated carbon. Environ. Technol., 37, 3087.
41.
SreejalekshmiK.G., KrishnanK.A., and AnirudhanT.S. (2009). Adsorption of Pb(II) and Pb(II)-citric acid on sawdust activated carbon: Kinetic and equilibrium isotherm studies. J. Hazard. Mater., 161, 1506.
42.
SunY., WeiJ., WangY.S., YangG., and ZhangJ.P. (2010). Production of activated carbon by K2CO3 activation treatment of cornstalk lignin and its performance in removing phenol and subsequent bioregeneration. Environ. Technol., 31, 53–61.
43.
TarleyC.R.T., and ArrudaM.A.Z. (2004). Biosorption of heavy metals using rice milling by-products. Characterisation and application for removal of metals from aqueous effluents. Chemosphere., 54, 987.
44.
TrakalL., VeselskáV., Šafaříki., VítkováM., ČíhalováS., and KomárekM. (2016). Lead and cadmium sorption mechanisms on magnetically modified biochars. Bioresour. Technol., 203, 318.
45.
WangL., ZhangJ., ZhaoR., LiY., LiC., and ZhangC. (2010). Adsorption of Pb(II) on activated carbon prepared from Polygonum orientale Linn.: Kinetics, isotherms, pH, and ionic strength studies. Bioresour. Technol., 101, 5808.
46.
ZhangS.L., TaoL.C., JiangM., GouG.J., and ZhouZ.W. (2015). Single-step synthesis of magnetic activated carbon from peanut shell. Mater. Lett., 157, 281.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
