Jotun springs in Svalbard, Norway, is a rare warm environment in the Arctic that actively forms travertine. In this study, we assessed the microbial ecology of Jotun’s active (aquatic) spring and dry spring transects. We evaluated the microbial preservation potential and mode, as well as the astrobiological relevance of the travertines to marginal carbonates mapped at Jezero Crater on Mars (the Mars 2020 landing site). Our results revealed that microbial communities exhibited spatial dynamics controlled by temperature, fluid availability, and geochemistry. Amorphous carbonates and silica precipitated within biofilm and on the surface of filamentous microorganisms. The water discharged at the source is warm, with near neutral pH, and undersaturated in silica. Hence, silicification possibly occurred through cooling, dehydration, and partially by a microbial presence or activities that promote silica precipitation. CO2 degassing and possible microbial contributions induced calcite precipitation and travertine formation. Jotun revealed that warm systems that are not very productive in carbonate formation may still produce significant carbonate buildups and provide settings favorable for fossilization through silicification and calcification. Our findings suggest that the potential for amorphous silica precipitation may be essential for Jezero Crater’s marginal carbonates because it significantly increases the preservation potential of putative martian organisms.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AbecasisAB, SerranoM, AlvesR, et al.A genomic signature and the identification of new sporulation genes. J Bacteriol, 2013; 195(9):2101–2115; doi: 10.1128/JB.02110-12
2.
AllenCC, AlbertFG, ChafetzHS, et al.Microscopic physical biomarkers in carbonate hot springs: Implications in the search for life on Mars. Icarus, 2000; 147(1):49–67; doi: 10.1006/icar.2000.6435
3.
AlnebergJ, BjarnasonBS, de BruijnI, et al.Binning metagenomic contigs by coverage and composition. Nat Methods, 2014; 11(11):1144–1146; doi: 10.1038/nmeth.3103
4.
AngelR, SoaresMIM, UngarED, et al.Biogeography of soil archaea and bacteria along a steep precipitation gradient. Isme J, 2010; 4(4):553–563; doi: 10.1038/ismej.2009.136
5.
BankevichA, NurkS, AntipovD, et al.SPAdes: A new genome assembly algorithm and its applications to single-cell sequencing. J Comput Biol, 2012; 19(5):455–477; doi: 10.1089/cmb.2012.0021
6.
BanksD, SlettenRS, HaldorsenS, et al.The thermal springs of Bockfjord, Svalbard: Occurrence and major ion hydrochemistry. Geothermics, 1998; 27(4):445–467; doi: 10.1016/S0375-6505(98)00022-4
7.
BauerF, StixM, Bartha-DimaB, et al.Spatio-temporal monitoring of benthic anatoxin-a-producing Tychonema sp. in the River Lech, Germany. Toxins (Basel), 2022; 14(5):357; doi: 10.3390/toxins14050357
8.
BergGM, JørgensenNO. Purine and pyrimidine metabolism by estuarine bacteria. Aquat Microb Ecol, 2006; 42(3):215–226; doi: 10.3354/ame042215
9.
BissettA, de BeerD, SchoonR, et al.Microbial mediation of stromatolite formation in karst‐water creeks. Limnology & Oceanography, 2008; 53(3):1159–1168; doi: 10.4319/lo.2008.53.3.1159
10.
BolgerAM, LohseM, UsadelB. Trimmomatic: A flexible trimmer for Illumina sequence data. Bioinformatics, 2014; 30(15):2114–2120; doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btu170
11.
CaiolaMG, BilliD, FriedmannEI. Effect of desiccation on envelopes of the cyanobacterium Chroococcidiopsis sp.(Chroococcales). Eur J Phycol, 1996; 31(1):97–105; doi: 10.1080/09670269600651251a
12.
CalhounS, BellTAS, DahlinLR, et al.A multi-omic characterization of temperature stress in a halotolerant Scenedesmus strain for algal biotechnology. Commun Biol, 2021; 4(1):333; doi: 10.1038/s42003-021-01859-y
13.
CapezzuoliE, GandinA, PedleyM. Decoding tufa and travertine (fresh water carbonates) in the sedimentary record: The state of the art. Sedimentology, 2014; 61(1):1–21; doi: 10.1111/sed.12075
14.
ChafetzHS, FolkRL. Travertines; depositional morphology and the bacterially constructed constituents. J Sediment Res, 1984; 54(1):289–316; doi: 10.1306/212F8404-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D
15.
ChaumeilP-A, MussigAJ, HugenholtzP, et al.GTDB-Tk: A toolkit to classify genomes with the Genome Taxonomy Database. Bioinformatics, 2020; 36(6):1925–1927; doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btz848
16.
ChenLZ, WangGH, HongS, et al.UV‐B‐induced oxidative damage and protective role of exopolysaccharides in desert cyanobacterium Microcoleus vaginatus. J Integr Plant Biol, 2009; 51(2):194–200; doi: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2008.00784.x
17.
ChoeY-H, KimM, WooJ, et al.Comparing rock-inhabiting microbial communities in different rock types from a high arctic polar desert. FEMS Microbiol Ecol, 2018; 94(6):fiy070; doi: 10.1093/femsec/fiy070
18.
ChrismasNA, BarkerG, AnesioAM, et al.Genomic mechanisms for cold tolerance and production of exopolysaccharides in the Arctic cyanobacterium Phormidesmis priestleyi BC1401. BMC Genom, 2016; 17(1):1–14; doi: 10.1186/s12864-016-2846-4
19.
ColeJK, PeacockJP, DodsworthJA, et al.Sediment microbial communities in Great Boiling Spring are controlled by temperature and distinct from water communities. ISME J, 2013; 7(4):718–729; doi: 10.1038/ismej.2012.157
20.
CollinsT, MargesinR. Psychrophilic lifestyles: Mechanisms of adaptation and biotechnological tools. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 2019; 103(7):2857–2871; doi: 10.1007/s00253-019-09659-5
21.
CorradiniD, StrekalovaEG, StanleyHE, et al.Microscopic mechanism of protein cryopreservation in an aqueous solution with trehalose. Sci Rep, 2013; 3(1):1218; doi: 10.1038/srep01218
22.
CroweJH, CroweLM, OliverAE, et al.The trehalose myth revisited: Introduction to a symposium on stabilization of cells in the dry state. Cryobiology, 2001; 43(2):89–105; doi: 10.1006/cryo.2001.2353
23.
Della PortaG, HoppertM, HallmannC, et al.The influence of microbial mats on travertine precipitation in active hydrothermal systems (Central Italy). Depos Rec, 2022; 8(1):165–209; doi: 10.1002/dep2.147
24.
DeVriesAL. Antifreeze glycopeptides and peptides: Interactions with ice and water. Methods Enzymol, 1986; 127:293–303; doi: 10.1016/0076-6879(86)27024-X
25.
DeWeerdKA, MandelcoL, TannerRS, et al.Desulfomonile tiedjei gen. nov. and sp. nov., a novel anaerobic, dehalogenating, sulfate-reducing bacterium. Arch Microbiol, 1990; 154(1):23–30; doi: 10.1007/BF00249173
26.
DrenovskyR, VoD, GrahamK, et al.Soil water content and organic carbon availability are major determinants of soil microbial community composition. Microb Ecol, 2004; 48(3):424–430; doi: 10.1007/s00248-003-1063-2
27.
DuprazC, ReidRP, BraissantO, et al.Processes of carbonate precipitation in modern microbial mats. Earth-Sci Rev, 2009; 96(3):141–162; doi: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2008.10.005
28.
DuprazC, VisscherPT. Microbial lithification in marine stromatolites and hypersaline mats. Trends Microbiol, 2005; 13(9):429–438; doi: 10.1016/j.tim.2005.07.008
29.
EhlmannBL, MustardJF, FassettCI, et al.Clay minerals in delta deposits and organic preservation potential on Mars. Nature Geosci, 2008a;1(6):355–358; doi: 10.1038/ngeo207
30.
EhlmannBL, MustardJF, MurchieSL, et al.Orbital identification of carbonate-bearing rocks on Mars. Science, 2008b;322(5909):1828–1832; doi: 10.1126/science.1164759
31.
ElasriMO, MillerRV. Study of the response of a biofilm bacterial community to UV radiation. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1999; 65(5):2025–2031; doi: 10.1128/AEM.65.5.2025-2031.1999
32.
EvseevP, TikhonovaI, KrasnopeevA, et al.Tychonema sp. BBK16 characterisation: Lifestyle, phylogeny and related phages. Viruses, 2023; 15(2):442; doi: 10.3390/v15020442
33.
FassettCI, HeadJW.III., Fluvial sedimentary deposits on Mars: Ancient deltas in a crater lake in the Nili Fossae region. Geophys Res Lett, 2005; 32(14):L14201; doi: 10.1029/2005GL023456
34.
FellerG, GerdayC. Psychrophilic enzymes: Hot topics in cold adaptation. Nat Rev Microbiol, 2003; 1(3):200–208; doi: 10.1038/nrmicro773
35.
FoukeBW, BonheyoGT, SanzenbacherB, et al.Partitioning of bacterial communities between travertine depositional facies at Mammoth Hot Springs, Yellowstone National Park, USA. Can J Earth Sci, 2003; 40(11):1531–1548; doi: 10.1139/e03-067
36.
FoukeBW, FarmerJD, Des MaraisDJ, et al.Depositional facies and aqueous-solid geochemistry of travertine-depositing hot springs (Angel Terrace, Mammoth Hot Springs, Yellowstone National Park, USA). J Sediment Res A Sediment Petrol Process, 2000; 70(3):565–585; doi: 10.1306/2DC40929-0E47-11D7-8643000102C1865D
37.
FoukeBW. Hot‐spring Systems Geobiology: Abiotic and biotic influences on travertine formation at Mammoth Hot Springs, Yellowstone National Park, USA. Sedimentology, 2011; 58(1):170–219; doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3091.2010.01209.x
38.
FranzmannP, HöpflP, WeissN, et al.Psychrotrophic, lactic acid-producing bacteria from anoxic waters in Ace Lake, Antarctica; Carnobacterium funditum sp. nov. and Carnobacterium alterfunditum sp. nov. Arch Microbiol, 1991; 156(4):255–262; doi: 10.1007/BF00262994
39.
FriedmanI. Some investigations of the deposition of travertine from Hot Springs—I. The isotopic chemistry of a travertine-depositing spring. Geochim Cosmochim Acta, 1970; 34(12):1303–1315; doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(70)90043-8
40.
FröslerJ, PanitzC, WingenderJ, et al.Survival of Deinococcus geothermalis in biofilms under desiccation and simulated space and martian conditions. Astrobiology, 2017; 17(5):431–447; doi: 10.1089/ast.2015.1431
41.
GalperinMY, MekhedovSL, PuigboP, et al.Genomic determinants of sporulation in Bacilli and Clostridia: Towards the minimal set of sporulation‐specific genes. Environ Microbiol, 2012; 14(11):2870–2890; doi: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2012.02841.x
42.
GalushkoA, KueverJ. Desulfococcus. In: Bergey’s Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria. Wiley; 2019a:1–5; doi: 10.1002/9781118960608.gbm01016.pub2
43.
GalushkoA, KueverJ. Desulfomonile. In: Bergey’s Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria. Wiley; 2019b:1–5; doi: 10.1002/9781118960608.gbm01062.pub2
GongJ, MyersKD, Munoz-SaezC, et al.Formation and preservation of microbial palisade fabric in silica deposits from El Tatio, Chile. Astrobiology, 2020; 20(4):500–524; doi: 10.1089/ast.2019.2025
46.
GoudgeTA, HeadJW, MustardJF, et al.An analysis of open-basin lake deposits on Mars: Evidence for the nature of associated lacustrine deposits and post-lacustrine modification processes. Icarus, 2012; 219(1):211–229; doi: 10.1016/j.icarus.2012.02.027
47.
GoudgeTA, MustardJF, HeadJW, et al.Assessing the mineralogy of the watershed and fan deposits of the Jezero crater paleolake system, Mars. JGR Planets, 2015; 120(4):775–808; doi: 10.1002/2014JE004782
48.
GuidrySA, ChafetzHS. Factors governing subaqueous siliceous sinter precipitation in hot springs: Examples from Yellowstone National Park, USA. Sedimentology, 2002; 49(6):1253–1267; doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3091.2002.00494.x
49.
HammerØ, DystheD, LeluB, et al.Calcite precipitation instability under laminar, open-channel flow. Geochim Cosmochim Acta, 2008; 72(20):5009–5021; doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2008.07.028
50.
HammerØ, JamtveitB, BenningL, et al.Evolution of fluid chemistry during travertine formation in the Troll thermal springs, Svalbard, Norway. Geofluids, 2005; 5(2):140–150; doi: 10.1111/j.1468-8123.2005.00109.x
51.
HorganBH, AndersonRB, DromartG, et al.The mineral diversity of Jezero crater: Evidence for possible lacustrine carbonates on Mars. Icarus, 2020; 339:113526; doi: 10.1016/j.icarus.2019.113526
52.
IslamianJP, MehraliH. Lycopene as a carotenoid provides radioprotectant and antioxidant effects by quenching radiation-induced free radical singlet oxygen: An overview. Cell J, 2015; 16(4):386–391; doi: 10.22074/cellj.2015.485
53.
JamtveitB, HammerØ, AnderssonC, et al.Travertines from the Troll thermal springs, Svalbard. Nor J Geol, 2006; 86(4):387–395.
54.
JiM-K, YunH-S, ParkY-T, et al.Mixotrophic cultivation of a microalga Scenedesmus obliquus in municipal wastewater supplemented with food wastewater and flue gas CO2 for biomass production. J Environ Manage, 2015; 159:115–120; doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.05.037
55.
JonesDL, BaxterBK. DNA repair and photoprotection: Mechanisms of overcoming environmental ultraviolet radiation exposure in halophilic archaea. Front Microbiol, 2017; 8:1882; doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01882
56.
JungblutAD, LovejoyC, VincentWF. Global distribution of cyanobacterial ecotypes in the cold biosphere. Isme J, 2010; 4(2):191–202; doi: 10.1038/ismej.2009.113
57.
KamalanathanM, ChaisutyakornP, GleadowR, et al.A comparison of photoautotrophic, heterotrophic, and mixotrophic growth for biomass production by the green alga Scenedesmus sp.(Chlorophyceae). Phycologia, 2018; 57(3):309–317; doi: 10.2216/17-82.1
58.
KandianisMT, FoukeBW, JohnsonRW, et al.Microbial biomass: A catalyst for CaCO3 precipitation in advection-dominated transport regimes. Geol Soc Am Bull, 2008; 120(3–4):442–450; doi: 10.1130/B26188.1
59.
KanehisaM, GotoS. KEGG: Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes. Nucleic Acids Res, 2000; 28(1):27–30; doi: 10.1093/nar/28.1.27
60.
KangDD, LiF, KirtonE, et al.MetaBAT 2: An adaptive binning algorithm for robust and efficient genome reconstruction from metagenome assemblies. PeerJ, 2019; 7:e7359; doi: 10.7717/peerj.7359
61.
KiranM, PrakashJ, AnnapoorniS, et al.Psychrophilic Pseudomonas syringae requires trans-monounsaturated fatty acid for growth at higher temperature. Extremophiles, 2004; 8(5):401–410; doi: 10.1007/s00792-004-0401-8
62.
KnightCA, HallettJ, DeVriesA. Solute effects on ice recrystallization: An assessment technique. Cryobiology, 1988; 25(1):55–60; doi: 10.1016/0011-2240(88)90020-X
63.
KonhauserKO, JonesB, PhoenixVR, et al.The microbial role in hot spring silicification. Ambio, 2004; 33(8):552–558; doi: 10.1579/0044-7447-33.8.552
64.
KrembsC, EickenH, JungeK, et al.High concentrations of exopolymeric substances in Arctic winter sea ice: Implications for the polar ocean carbon cycle and cryoprotection of diatoms. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap, 2002; 49(12):2163–2181; doi: 10.1016/S0967-0637(02)00122-X
65.
LeeprasertL, ChonudomkulD, BoonmakC. Biocalcifying potential of ureolytic bacteria isolated from soil for biocementation and material crack repair. Microorganisms, 2022; 10(5):963; doi: 10.3390/microorganisms10050963
66.
LetunicI, BorkP. Interactive Tree Of Life (iTOL) v5: An online tool for phylogenetic tree display and annotation. Nucleic Acids Res, 2021; 49(W1):W293–W296; doi: 10.1093/nar/gkab301
67.
LiD, LiuC-M, LuoR, et al.MEGAHIT: An ultra-fast single-node solution for large and complex metagenomics assembly via succinct de Bruijn graph. Bioinformatics, 2015; 31(10):1674–1676; doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btv033
68.
LuoL, CapezzuoliE, RogersonM, et al.Precipitation of carbonate minerals in travertine-depositing hot springs: Driving forces, microenvironments, and mechanisms. Sediment Geol, 2022; 438:106207; doi: 10.1016/j.sedgeo.2022.106207
69.
MadiganMT, BenderKS, BuckleyDH, et al.Microbial Ecosystems. In: Brock Biology of Microorganisms, 16th ed. Pearson: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2021; pp. 687-728.
70.
MandelliF, MirandaVS, RodriguesE, et al.Identification of carotenoids with high antioxidant capacity produced by extremophile microorganisms. World J Microbiol Biotechnol, 2012; 28(4):1781–1790; doi: 10.1007/s11274-011-0993-y
71.
MartínHG, VeyseyJ, BonheyoGT, et al.Statistical evaluation of bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences in relation to travertine mineral precipitation and water chemistry at Mammoth Hot Springs, Yellowstone National Park, USA. In: Geomicrobiology: Molecular and Environmental Perspective. (BartonL, MandlM, LoyA eds.) Springer: Dordrecht: 2010.
72.
MartinettiD, ColarossiC, BuccheriS, et al.Effect of trehalose on cryopreservation of pure peripheral blood stem cells. Biomed Rep, 2017; 6(3):314–318; doi: 10.3892/br.2017.859
73.
McMahonS, BosakT, GrotzingerJ, et al.A field guide to finding fossils on Mars. J Geophys Res Planets, 2018; 123(5):1012–1040; doi: 10.1029/2017JE005478
74.
MenzelP, NgKL, KroghA. Fast and sensitive taxonomic classification for metagenomics with Kaiju. Nat Commun, 2016; 7(1):11257; doi: 10.1038/ncomms11257
75.
MillerAG, ColmanB. Evidence for HCO3− transport by the blue-green alga (cyanobacterium) Coccochloris peniocystis. Plant Physiol, 1980; 65(2):397–402; doi: 10.1104/pp.65.2.397
76.
MillerSR, StrongAL, JonesKL, et al.Bar-coded pyrosequencing reveals shared bacterial community properties along the temperature gradients of two alkaline hot springs in Yellowstone National Park. Appl Environ Microbiol, 2009; 75(13):4565–4572; doi: 10.1128/AEM.02792-08
77.
MistryJ, ChuguranskyS, WilliamsL, et al.Pfam: The protein families database in 2021. Nucleic Acids Res, 2021; 49(D1):D412–D419; doi: 10.1093/nar/gkaa913
78.
MooreKR, GongJ, PajusaluM, et al.A new model for silicification of cyanobacteria in Proterozoic tidal flats. Geobiology, 2021; 19(5):438–449; doi: 10.1111/gbi.12447
79.
MooreKR, PajusaluM, GongJ, et al.Biologically mediated silicification of marine cyanobacteria and implications for the Proterozoic fossil record. Geology, 2020; 48(9):862–866; doi: 10.1130/G47394.1
80.
NguyenL-T, SchmidtHA, Von HaeselerA, et al.IQ-TREE: A fast and effective stochastic algorithm for estimating maximum-likelihood phylogenies. Mol Biol Evol, 2015; 32(1):268–274; doi: 10.1093/molbev/msu300
81.
NicholsCM, BowmanJP, GuezennecJ. Effects of incubation temperature on growth and production of exopolysaccharides by an Antarctic sea ice bacterium grown in batch culture. Appl Environ Microbiol, 2005; 71(7):3519–3523; doi: 10.1128/AEM.71.7.3519-3523.2005
82.
NottinghamAT, FiererN, TurnerBL, et al.Microbes follow Humboldt: Temperature drives plant and soil microbial diversity patterns from the Amazon to the Andes. Ecology, 2018; 99(11):2455–2466; doi: 10.1002/ecy.2482
83.
ObstM, DynesJJ, LawrenceJR, et al.Precipitation of amorphous CaCO3 (aragonite-like) by cyanobacteria: A STXM study of the influence of EPS on the nucleation process. Geochim Cosmochim Acta, 2009; 73(14):4180–4198; doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2009.04.013
84.
OkumuraT, TakashimaC, ShiraishiF, et al.Processes forming daily lamination in a microbe-rich travertine under low flow condition at the Nagano-yu hot spring, southwestern Japan. Geomicrobiol J, 2013; 30(10):910–927; doi: 10.1080/01490451.2013.791355
85.
OlmMR, BrownCT, BrooksB, et al.dRep: A tool for fast and accurate genomic comparisons that enables improved genome recovery from metagenomes through de-replication. ISME J, 2017; 11(12):2864–2868; doi: 10.1038/ismej.2017.126
86.
ParksDH, ChuvochinaM, ChaumeilP-A, et al.A complete domain-to-species taxonomy for Bacteria and Archaea. Nat Biotechnol, 2020; 38(9):1079–1086; doi: 10.1038/s41587-020-0501-8
87.
ParksDH, ImelfortM, SkennertonCT, et al.CheckM: Assessing the quality of microbial genomes recovered from isolates, single cells, and metagenomes. Genome Res, 2015; 25(7):1043–1055; doi: 10.1101/gr.186072.114
88.
PatroR, DuggalG, LoveMI, et al.Salmon provides fast and bias-aware quantification of transcript expression. Nat Methods, 2017; 14(4):417–419; doi: 10.1038/nmeth.4197
89.
PentecostA. Geochemistry of carbon dioxide in six travertine-depositing waters of Italy. J Hydrol, 1995; 167(1–4):263–278; doi: 10.1016/0022-1694(94)02596-4
PikutaEV, HooverRB. The genus Carnobacterium. In: Lactic Acid Bacteria: Biodiversity and Taxonomy. (HolzapfelWH, WoodBJB eds.) John Wiley & Sons, Ltd: West Sussex, UK, 2014; pp. 109–123.
92.
PikutaEV, MarsicD, BejA, et al.Carnobacterium pleistocenium sp. nov., a novel psychrotolerant, facultative anaerobe isolated from permafrost of the Fox Tunnel in Alaska. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, 2005; 55(Pt 1):473–478; doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.63384-0
93.
PléeK, PactonM, ArizteguiD. Discriminating the role of photosynthetic and heterotrophic microbes triggering low-Mg calcite precipitation in freshwater biofilms (Lake Geneva, Switzerland). Geomicrobiol J, 2010; 27(5):391–399; doi: 10.1080/01490450903451526
94.
PodarPT, YangZ, BjörnsdóttirSH, et al.Comparative analysis of microbial diversity across temperature gradients in hot springs from yellowstone and Iceland. Front Microbiol, 2020; 11:1625; doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01625
95.
R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing: Vienna, Austria; 2020. Available from: https://www.R-project.org/
96.
RidingR. Microbial carbonates: The geological record of calcified bacterial–algal mats and biofilms. Sedimentology, 2000; 47(s1):179–214; doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3091.2000.00003.x
97.
RobinsonCH. Cold adaptation in Arctic and Antarctic fungi. New Phytol, 2001; 151(2):341–353; doi: 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2001.00177.x
98.
RodriguesDF, TiedjeJM. Coping with our cold planet. Appl Environ Microbiol, 2008; 74(6):1677–1686; doi: 10.1128/AEM.02000-07
99.
RogersonM, PedleyH, KelhamA, et al.Linking mineralisation process and sedimentary product in terrestrial carbonates using a solution thermodynamic approach. Earth Surf Dynam, 2014; 2(1):197–216; doi: 10.5194/esurf-2-197-2014
100.
RutledgeA, HorganB, HavigJ, et al.Silica dissolution and precipitation in glaciated volcanic environments and implications for Mars. Geophys Res Lett, 2018; 45(15):7371–7381; doi: 10.1029/2018GL078105
101.
SancarA. DNA excision repair. Annu Rev Biochem, 1996; 65(1):43–81; doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.65.070196.000355
102.
SchellerEL, Razzell HollisJ, CardarelliEL, et al.Aqueous alteration processes in Jezero crater, Mars—Implications for organic geochemistry. Science, 2022; 378(6624):1105–1110; doi: 10.1126/science.abo52
103.
Schultze-LamS, FerrisF, KonhauserK, et al.In situ silicification of an Icelandic hot spring microbial mat: Implications for microfossil formation. Can J Earth Sci, 1995; 32(12):2021–2026; doi: 10.1139/e95-155
104.
SegererA, NeunerA, KristjanssonJK, et al.Acidianus infernus gen. nov., sp. nov., and Acidianus brierleyi comb. nov.: Facultatively aerobic, extremely acidophilic thermophilic sulfur-metabolizing archaebacteria. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, 1986; 36(4):559–564; doi: 10.1099/00207713-36-4-559
105.
SetlowP. I will survive: DNA protection in bacterial spores. Trends Microbiol, 2007; 15(4):172–180; doi: 10.1016/j.tim.2007.02.004
106.
SharpCE, BradyAL, SharpGH, et al.Humboldt’s spa: Microbial diversity is controlled by temperature in geothermal environments. Isme J, 2014; 8(6):1166–1174; doi: 10.1038/ismej.2013.237
107.
SharpZ. Principles of Stable Isotope Geochemistry. Pearson Education Inc.: Upper Saddle River, NJ; 2007.
108.
ShiraishiF, HanzawaY, NakamuraY, et al.Abiotic and biotic processes controlling travertine deposition: Insights from eight hot springs in Japan. Sedimentology, 2022; 69(2):592–623; doi: 10.1111/sed.12916
109.
ShiraishiF, MorikawaA, KuroshimaK, et al.Genesis and diagenesis of travertine, Futamata hot spring, Japan. Sediment Geol, 2020; 405:105706; doi: 10.1016/j.sedgeo.2020.105706
110.
SinghS, SinghP. Effect of temperature and light on the growth of algae species: A review. Renew Sust Energ Rev, 2015; 50:431–444; doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2015.05.024
111.
SkjelkvåleB-L, AmundsenH, O’ReillySY, et al.A primitive alkali basaltic stratovolcano and associated eruptive centres, northwestern Spitsbergen: Volcanology and tectonic significance. J Volcanol Geotherm Res, 1989; 37(1):1–19; doi: 10.1016/0377-0273(89)90110-8
112.
SłowakiewiczM, PerriE, TagliasacchiE, et al.Viruses participate in the organomineralization of travertines. Sci Rep, 2023; 13(1):11663; doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-38873-5
113.
SpinthakiA, PetratosG, MatheisJ, et al.The precipitation of “magnesium silicate” under geothermal stresses. Formation and characterization. Geothermics, 2018; 74:172–180; doi: 10.1016/j.geothermics.2018.03.001
114.
StarkeV, KirshteinJ, FogelML, et al.Microbial community composition and endolith colonization at an Arctic thermal spring are driven by calcite precipitation. Environ Microbiol Rep, 2013; 5(5):648–659; doi: 10.1111/1758-2229.12063
115.
SugiharaC, YanagawaK, OkumuraT, et al.Transition of microbiological and sedimentological features associated with the geochemical gradient in a travertine mound in northern Sumatra, Indonesia. Sediment Geol, 2016; 343:85–98; doi: 10.1016/j.sedgeo.2016.07.012
116.
TakashimaC, KanoA. Microbial processes forming daily lamination in a stromatolitic travertine. Sediment Geol, 2008; 208(3–4):114–119; doi: 10.1016/j.sedgeo.2008.06.001
117.
TarnasJ, StackK, ParenteM, et al.Characteristics, origins, and biosignature preservation potential of carbonate‐bearing rocks within and outside of Jezero crater. J Geophys Res Planets, 2021; 126(11):e2021JE006898; doi: 10.1029/2021JE006898
118.
TherkildsenMS, IsaksenMF, LomsteinBA. Urea production by the marine bacteria Delaya venusta and Pseudomonas stutzeri grown in a minimal medium. Aquat Microb Ecol, 1997; 13(2):213–217; doi: 10.3354/ame013213
119.
UgwuanyiIR, FogelML, BowdenR, et al.Comparative metagenomics at Solfatara and Pisciarelli hydrothermal systems in Italy reveal that ecological differences across substrates are not ubiquitous. Front Microbiol, 2023; 14:1066406; doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1066406
120.
UritskiyGV, DiRuggieroJ, TaylorJ. MetaWRAP—a flexible pipeline for genome-resolved metagenomic data analysis. Microbiome, 2018; 6(1):158; doi: 10.1186/s40168-018-0541-1
WarrenLA, MauricePA, ParmarN, et al.Microbially mediated calcium carbonate precipitation: Implications for interpreting calcite precipitation and for solid-phase capture of inorganic contaminants. Geomicrobiol J, 2001; 18(1):93–115; doi: 10.1080/01490450151079833
123.
WunderlinT, JunierT, Roussel‐DelifL, et al.Stage 0 sporulation gene A as a molecular marker to study diversity of endospore‐forming F irmicutes. Environ Microbiol Rep, 2013; 5(6):911–924; doi: 10.1111/1758-2229.12094
124.
XuK, JiangH, JuneauP, et al.Comparative studies on the photosynthetic responses of three freshwater phytoplankton species to temperature and light regimes. J Appl Phycol, 2012; 24(5):1113–1122; doi: 10.1007/s10811-011-9741-9
125.
YeeN, PhoenixVR, KonhauserKO, et al.The effect of cyanobacteria on silica precipitation at neutral pH: Implications for bacterial silicification in geothermal hot springs. Chem Geol, 2003; 199(1–2):83–90; doi: 10.1016/S0009-2541(03)00120-7
126.
YinW, WangY, LiuL, et al.Biofilms: The microbial “protective clothing” in extreme environments. IJMS, 2019; 20(14):3423; doi: 10.3390/ijms20143423
127.
ZastrowAM, GlotchTD. Distinct carbonate lithologies in Jezero crater, Mars. Geophys Res Lett, 2021; 48(9):e2020GL092365; doi: 10.1029/2020GL092365
128.
ZeglinLH, DahmCN, BarrettJE, et al.Bacterial community structure along moisture gradients in the parafluvial sediments of two ephemeral desert streams. Microb Ecol, 2011; 61(3):543–556; doi: 10.1007/s00248-010-9782-7
129.
ZhuT, DittrichM. Carbonate precipitation through microbial activities in natural environment, and their potential in biotechnology: A review. Front Bioeng Biotechnol, 2016; 4:4; doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2016.00004
130.
ZidiMK, AhmedWB, HenchiriM. Late pleistocene boulaaba travertine and calcareous tufa, Kasserine, Central Tunisia: Implications for North African spring-fed Ca-carbonates. Quat Int, 2022; 637:57–73; doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2022.09.003
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
