Guanine-Centric Self-Assembly of Nucleotides in Water: An Important Consideration in Prebiotic Chemistry

Abstract

Investigations of plausible prebiotic chemistry on early Earth must consider not only chemical reactions to form more complex products such as proto-biopolymers but also reversible, molecular self-assembly that would influence the availability, organization, and sequestration of reactant molecules. The self-assembly of guanosine compounds into higher-order structures and lyotropic liquid crystalline “gel” phases through formation of hydrogen-bonded guanine tetrads (G-tetrads) is one such consideration that is particularly relevant to an RNA-world scenario. G-tetrad-based gelation has been well studied for individual guanosine compounds and was recently observed in mixtures of guanosine with 5′-guanosine monophosphate (GMP) as well. The present work investigates the self-assembly of GMP in the presence of the other RNA nucleotides. Effects of the total concentration and relative proportion of the nucleotides in the mixtures, the form (disodium salt vs. free acid) of the nucleotides, temperature, pH, and salt concentration were determined by visual observations and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. The results show that formation of cholesteric G-tetrad phases is influenced by interactions with other nucleotides, likely through association (e.g., intercalation) of the nucleotides with the G-tetrad structures. These interactions affect the structure and stability of the G-tetrad gel phase, as well as the formation of alternate self-assembled GMP structures such as a continuous, hydrogen-bonded GMP helix or dimers and aggregates of GMP. These interactions and multiple equilibria are influenced by the presence of cations, especially in the presence of K⁺. This work could have important implications for the emergence of an RNA or proto-RNA world, which would require mixtures of nucleotides at sufficiently high, local concentrations for abiotic polymerization to occur. Key Words: RNA world—Prebiotic chemistry—RNA polymerization—Guanosine monophosphate—Molecular self-assembly. Astrobiology 14, 876–886.