Abstract
Abstract
Background:
Hospitalized infants may undergo frequent painful procedures with inadequate pain relief. Alternative pain relief interventions are needed.
Objective:
The aim of this research was to determine the safety of noninvasive electrical stimulation of acupuncture points (NESAP) in neonates who were receiving routine heel sticks.
Design:
This was a descriptive study performed to assess the safety of using a transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) unit to deliver NESAP to neonates.
Setting/Subjects:
The subjects were healthy newborn infants<3 days old before hospital discharge.
Intervention:
The intervention was NESAP delivered via a TENS unit, administered before, during, and after heel stick. The electrodes of the TENS unit were applied at four acupuncture points. Settings were gradually increased: 6 infants received 1.0 mA, 2 Hz; the second 6 infants received 2.0 mA, 10 Hz; and the last 18 infants received 3.5 mA, 10 Hz.
Main Outcome Measures
: Three main measures were used: (1) skin assessment (2) vital signs; (3) pain scores using the Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP).
Results:
There were no significant changes in vital signs during and after NESAP. There were no changes in PIPP scores in the first 12 infants after initiation of NESAP. A slight but nonsignificant increase in PIPP scores (from 2.65 to 3.5 on a scale of 0–18) occurred in the last 18 infants. There were no adverse events during or after NESAP.
Conclusions:
NESAP is safe for infants with low settings on a TENS unit.
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