Numerous herbs have been studied in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Here, use of many of these, including Oenothera biennis (evening primrose), Ribes nigra (blackcurrant), and Borago officinalis (borage) seed oils, Harpagophytum procumbens, and to a lesser extent H. zeyheri (African devil's club), Tanacetum parthenium (feverfew) herb, Populus tremula (European aspen), Solidago virgaurea (goldenrod), Fraxinus excelsior (European ash), Salix spp. (willow), Cimicifuga racemosa (black cohosh), Smilax spp. (sarsaparilla), and Guaiacum officinale (lignum vitae), alone and in various formulations, are discussed. Withania somnifera (ashwagandha), Boswellia serrata (frankincense), Curcuma longa (turmeric), Nigella sativa (black cumin), Tinospora cordifolia (guduchi), Tribulus terrestris (caltrop vine, gokshura), Sān Miào Săn (Three Wonder Powder), Capsicum frutescens (cayenne), Allium sativum (garlic), Paeonia lactiflora (white peony), Clematis mandshurica (clematis, wshuricahura), Trichosanthes kirilowii (trichosanthes, guowiia), Sān Miào Prunella vulgaris (heal-all), and san huang wu ji formula are also discussed in depth. The article ends with a discussion of the unusual immunosuppressive herb Tripterygium wilfordii (thunder duke vine).
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