Mitogen Therapy for Biological Warfare/Terrorist Attacks and Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Control

Abstract

Ken Alibek was for 17 years a leader in Biopreparat, the Soviet Union's top secret agency involved in developing and stockpiling the most lethal bacteria, viruses, and toxins in the history of mankind before he defected with his family to the United States in 1992. Very contrite when he discovered he had been misled to believe that his efforts had been essential to the survival of his homeland, Alibek has become active sounding an alarm about, among other things, thousands of unemployed Russian scientists who have been seeking survival by selling their destructive expertise to rogue states and bioterrorists. Working full time in devising protective measures that might help control the damaging effects of terrorist attacks, Alibek has placed strong emphasis on stimulating nonspecific immunities of victims mainly with interleukins and other cytokines. A more productive alternative would be giving mitogens such as PHA and PWM to reinforce vaccine and antibiotic actions, at the same time stimulating protective immune, myelopoietic, and lymphopoietic responses. A key objective would be to find an effective management for the dreaded viral hemorrhagic fevers. Using Ebola infection as an experimental model, Yang et al. have shown that PHA can block both the viral secretions that inhibit neutrophil immune responses and the viral transmembrane glycoprotein that facilitates damage of the human endothelial cells responsible for the lethal hemorrhagic manifestations. Normal serum glycoproteins have in the past been clearly shown to inhibit the functions of PHA, thereby increasing dosage requirements. Extrapolation of this interaction with serum glycoproteins suggests that PHA given intravenously in adequate dosage should readily be able to block the deleterious Ebola virus glycoprotein effects. Data in an extensive classification of the hemorrhagic fever viruses recently presented by Barry make it possible to predict that mitogen therapy should be effective for virtually all of the disorders included. Therapeutic trials should best start with intravenous administration of PHA since this is the mitogen about which most is known and the only one given to humans, although the nonagglutinating advantages of fraction IV of PHA should be evaluated as a replacement. Functioning in a different mode, PWM has the advantage of much greater potency, and can be given either intravenously or orally, since these appear to be equally effective routes of administration. The best means of properly integrating the use of these mitogens needs to be determined.