Traumatic Brain Injury Induces Prolonged Accumulation of Cyclooxygenase-1 Expressing Microglia/Brain Macrophages in Rats

Abstract

Inflammatory cellular responses to brain injury are promoted by proinflammatory messengers. Cyclooxygenases (prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthases [PGH]) are key enzymes in the conversion of arachidonic acid into prostanoids, which mediate immunomodulation, mitogenesis, apoptosis, blood flow, secondary injury (lipid peroxygenation), and inflammation. Here, we report COX-1 expression following brain injury. In control brains, COX-1 expression was localized rarely to brain microglia/macrophages. One to 5 days after injury, we observed a highly significant (p < 0.0001) increase in COX-1⁺ microglia/macrophages at perilesional areas and in the developing core with a delayed culmination of cell accumulation at day 7, correlating with phagocytic activity. There, cell numbers remained persistently elevated up to 21 days following injury. Further, COX-1⁺ cells were located in perivascular Virchow-Robin spaces also reaching maximal numbers at day 7. Lesion-confined COX-1⁺ vessels increased in numbers from day 1, reaching the maximum at days 5–7. Double-labeling experiments confirmed coexpression of COX-1 by ED-1⁺ and OX-42⁺ microglia/macrophages. Transiently after injury, most COX-1⁺ microglia/macrophages coexpress the activation antigen OX-6 (MHC class II). However, the prolonged accumulation of COX-1⁺, ED-1⁺ microglia/macrophages in lesional areas enduring the acute postinjury inflammatory response points to a role of COX-1 in the pathophysiology of secondary injury. We have identified localized, accumulated COX-1 expression as a potential pharmacological target in the treatment of brain injury. Our results suggest that therapeutic approaches based on long-term blocking including COX-1, might be superior to selective COX-2 blocking to suppress the local synthesis of prostanoids.