Bonding surface pretreatment of zirconia ceramic dental restorations with a nanostructured alumina coating (NAC) provides a substantially stronger and durable bond than clinically established air-particle abrasion. However, the synthesis of NAC should completely comply with everyday dental laboratory practices. In the present study, the effect of various dental laboratory firing procedures, such as glaze, veneer and regeneration firings of zirconia, on the temperature-dependent phase evolution of NAC was studied (XRD) and related to the resin-cement shear-bond strength of as-sintered, high-pressure (4 bar) and low-pressure (1 bar) air-particle-abraded zirconia surfaces with or without a combination of MDP primer. Half of each sample groups (n = 20) were subjected to 12000× thermocycles in water. The results were statistically analysed using t-test and one-way ANOVA. When fired at 900 and 1050°C and topotactically transformed to γ- or a mixture of δ- and θ-aluminas, NAC provided highest and clinically acceptable bond-strengths (>20Mpa) not affected by thermocycling.
ManiconePF, Rossi IommettiP, RaffaelliL.An overview of zirconia ceramics: basic properties and clinical applications. J Dent. 2007 Nov;35(11):819–826. doi: 10.1016/j.jdent.2007.07.008
2.
OzcanM, BernasconiM.Adhesion to zirconia used for dental restorations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Adhes Dent. 2015 Feb;17(1):7–26.
3.
BlatzMB, SadanA, KernM.Resin-ceramic bonding: a review of the literature. J Prosthet Dent. 2003 Mar;89(3):268–274. doi: 10.1067/mpr.2003.50
4.
ThompsonJY, StonerBR, PiascikJR, Adhesion/cementation to zirconia and other non-silicate ceramics: where are we now?Dent Mater. 2011 Jan;27(1):71–82. doi: 10.1016/j.dental.2010.10.022
5.
Della BonaA, AnusaviceKJ.Microstructure, composition, and etching topography of dental ceramics. Int J Prosthodont. 2002 Mar-Apr;15(2):159–167.
6.
KernM, WegnerSM.Bonding to zirconia ceramic: adhesion methods and their durability. Dent Mater. 1998 Jan;14(1):64–71. doi: 10.1016/S0109-5641(98)00011-6
7.
PapiaE, LarssonC, du ToitM, Bonding between oxide ceramics and adhesive cement systems: a systematic review. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2014 Feb;102(2):395–413. doi: 10.1002/jbm.b.33013
8.
Abou TaraM, EschbachS, WolfartS, Zirconia ceramic inlay-retained fixed dental prostheses - first clinical results with a new design. J Dent. 2011 Mar;39(3):208–211. doi: 10.1016/j.jdent.2010.12.005
9.
SasseM, EschbachS, KernM.Randomized clinical trial on single retainer all-ceramic resin-bonded fixed partial dentures: influence of the bonding system after up to 55 months. J Dent. 2012 Sep;40(9):783–786. doi: 10.1016/j.jdent.2012.05.009
10.
SasseM, KernM.Survival of anterior cantilevered all-ceramic resin-bonded fixed dental prostheses made from zirconia ceramic. J Dent. 2014 Jun;42(6):660–663. doi: 10.1016/j.jdent.2014.02.021
11.
ZhangY, LawnBR, MalamentKA, Damage accumulation and fatigue life of particle-abraded ceramics. Int J Prosthodont. 2006 Sep-Oct;19(5):442–448.
AtsuSS, KilicarslanMA, KucukesmenHC, Effect of zirconium-oxide ceramic surface treatments on the bond strength to adhesive resin. J Prosthet Dent. 2006 Jun;95(6):430–436. doi: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2006.03.016
14.
DerandT, MolinM, KvamK.Bond strength of composite luting cement to zirconia ceramic surfaces. Dent Mater. 2005 Dec;21(12):1158–1162. doi: 10.1016/j.dental.2005.02.005
15.
LungCY, KukkE, MatinlinnaJP.The effect of silica-coating by sol-gel process on resin-zirconia bonding. Dent Mater J. 2013;32(1):165–172. doi: 10.4012/dmj.2012-100
16.
UsumezA, HamdemirciN, KorogluBY, Bond strength of resin cement to zirconia ceramic with different surface treatments. Lasers Med Sci. 2013 Jan;28(1):259–266. doi: 10.1007/s10103-012-1136-x
17.
EversonP, AddisonO, PalinWM, Improved bonding of zirconia substructures to resin using a “glaze-on” technique. J Dent. 2012 Apr;40(4):347–351. doi: 10.1016/j.jdent.2011.12.011
18.
PharkJH, DuarteSJr., BlatzM, An in vitro evaluation of the long-term resin bond to a new densely sintered high-purity zirconium-oxide ceramic surface. J Prosthet Dent. 2009 Jan;101(1):29–38. doi: 10.1016/S0022-3913(08)60286-3
19.
EgilmezF, ErgunG, Cekic-NagasI, Effect of surface modification on the bond strength between zirconia and resin cement. J Prosthodont. 2013 Oct;22(7):529–536. doi: 10.1111/jopr.12030
20.
AboushelibMN, KleverlaanCJ, FeilzerAJ.Selective infiltration-etching technique for a strong and durable bond of resin cements to zirconia-based materials. J Prosthet Dent. 2007 Nov;98(5):379–388. doi: 10.1016/S0022-3913(07)60123-1
21.
AkyilMS, UzunIH, BayindirF.Bond strength of resin cement to yttrium-stabilized tetragonal zirconia ceramic treated with air abrasion, silica coating, and laser irradiation. Photomed Laser Surg. 2010 Dec;28(6):801–808. doi: 10.1089/pho.2009.2697
22.
LvP, QuM, JiangT.Effect of hot-etching treatment on shear bond strength of zirconia to resin cement. Adv Appl Ceram. 2018;118(1-2):16–22. doi: 10.1080/17436753.2018.1464270
YangX, LiuY.Influence of different surface treatments on zirconia/resin shear bond strength using one-bottle universal adhesive. Adv Appl Ceram. 2018;118(1-2):70–77. doi: 10.1080/17436753.2018.1507427
25.
KernM.Bonding to oxide ceramics-laboratory testing versus clinical outcome. Dent Mater. 2015 Jan;31(1):8–14. doi: 10.1016/j.dental.2014.06.007
26.
JevnikarP, KrnelK, KocjanA, The effect of nano-structured alumina coating on resin-bond strength to zirconia ceramics. Dent Mater. 2010 Jul;26(7):688–696. doi: 10.1016/j.dental.2010.03.013
27.
KocjanA, DakskoblerA, KosmacT.Superhydrophobic nanostructured boehmite coatings Prepared by AlN powder hydrolysis. Int J Appl Ceram Technol. 2011;8(4):848–853. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-7402.2010.02516.x
28.
JevnikarP, GolobičM, KocjanA, The effect of nano-structured alumina coating on the bond strength of resin-modified glass ionomer cements to zirconia ceramics. J Eur Ceram Soc. 2012;32(11):2641–2645. doi: 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2012.03.037
29.
KrnelK, KocjanA, KosmačT.A simple method for the preparation of nanostructured aluminate coatings. J Am Ceram Soc. 2009;92:2451–2454. doi: 10.1111/j.1551-2916.2009.03236.x
30.
KrokidisX, RaybaudP.Theoretical study of the dehydration process of boehmite to γ-alumina. J Phys Chem B. 2001;105(22):5121–5130. doi: 10.1021/jp0038310
31.
LevinI, BrandonD.Metastable alumina polymorphs: crystal structures and transition sequences. J Am Ceram Soc. 1998;81:1995–2012. doi: 10.1111/j.1151-2916.1998.tb02581.x
32.
JolivetJ-P.Metal oxide Chemistry and synthesis: from solution to solid State. New Jersey, USA: Wiley; 2000.
33.
HummelM, KernM.Durability of the resin bond strength to the alumina ceramic Procera. Dent Mater. 2004 Jun;20(5):498–508. doi: 10.1016/j.dental.2003.10.014
34.
DakskoblerA, KocjanA, KosmačT.Porous alumina ceramics Prepared by the hydrolysis-Assisted Solidification method. J Am Ceram Soc. 2011;94:1374–1379. doi: 10.1111/j.1551-2916.2010.04258.x
35.
EuzenP, RaybaudP, KrokidiX, Alumina. In: SchuthF, SingJSW, WeitkampJ, editor. Hand Book of Porous Solids. Chichester: Wiley; 2002. p. 1591–1677.
36.
LeinfelderKF.Porcelain esthetics for the 21st century. J Am Dent Assoc. 2000 Jun;131(Suppl):47S–51S. doi: 10.14219/jada.archive.2000.0402
37.
Ivoclar. IPS e.max CAD: Instructions for use. Schaan / Liechtenstein: Ivoclar Vivadent AG; 2009. p. 52.
38.
VITA, VM9, Working, Instructions. Bad Säckingen, Germany: VITA Zahnfabrik H. Rauter GmbH & Co.KG; 2013. p. 23.
39.
GuazzatoM, QuachL, AlbakryM, Influence of surface and heat treatments on the flexural strength of Y-TZP dental ceramic. J Dent. 2005 Jan;33(1):9–18. doi: 10.1016/j.jdent.2004.07.001
40.
ZhangX, HonkanenM, PoreV, Effect of heat treating gel films on the formation of superhydrophobic boehmite flaky structures on austenitic stainless steel. Ceram Int. 2009;35:1559–1564. doi: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2008.08.010
41.
HeikkinenTT, MatinlinnaJP, VallittuPK, Long term water storage deteriorates bonding of composite resin to alumina and zirconia short communication. Open Dent J. 2013;7:123–125. doi: 10.2174/1874210601307010123
42.
GaleMS, DarvellBW.Thermal cycling procedures for laboratory testing of dental restorations. J Dent. 1999 Feb;27(2):89–99. doi: 10.1016/S0300-5712(98)00037-2
43.
SanterreJP, ShajiiL, LeungBW.Relation of dental composite formulations to their degradation and the release of hydrolyzed polymeric-resin-derived products. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 2001;12(2):136–151. doi: 10.1177/10454411010120020401
44.
MirmohammadiH, AboushelibMN, SalamehZ, Innovations in bonding to zirconia based ceramics: Part III. phosphate monomer resin cements. Dent Mater. 2010 Aug;26(8):786–792. doi: 10.1016/j.dental.2010.04.003
45.
LuthyH, LoeffelO, HammerleCH.Effect of thermocycling on bond strength of luting cements to zirconia ceramic. Dent Mater. 2006 Feb;22(2):195–200. doi: 10.1016/j.dental.2005.04.016
46.
YangB, BarloiA, KernM.Influence of air-abrasion on zirconia ceramic bonding using an adhesive composite resin. Dent Mater. 2010 Jan;26(1):44–50. doi: 10.1016/j.dental.2009.08.008
de SouzaGM, SilvaNR, PaulilloLA, Bond strength to high-crystalline content zirconia after different surface treatments. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2010 May;93(2):318–323. doi: 10.1002/jbm.b.31549
49.
HallmannL, UlmerP, LehmannF, Effect of surface modifications on the bond strength of zirconia ceramic with resin cement resin. Dent Mater. 2016 May;32(5):631–639. doi: 10.1016/j.dental.2016.02.001
50.
LambrechtsP, InokoshiS, Van MeerbeekB, Classification and potential of composite luting materials. In: MörmannWH, editor. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Computer restorations: The state of the art of the Cerec method. Berlin: Quintessence; 1991. p. 61–90.
