Solid minerals are ubiquitous and common deposits on Ti-lined process vessels in the hydrometallurgical industry. This work revealed the effects of inert solid deposits on the corrosion behaviour of Ti-2 in high acidity and highly oxidising leaching solutions. It was found that the deposit-covered Ti-2 had a higher corrosion rate (CR) than bare Ti-2. CR increased with increasing deposit thickness (up to 6 cm) and temperature. Solid deposits mainly affected the corrosion process of Ti by limiting the mass transfer of the oxidising Fe(III) from the bulk solution to the underlying Ti, thus affecting the stability of the protective passive film, and resulting in an accelerated passive CR. High temperatures and solid deposition are both commonly encountered in the hydrometallurgical industry, and their combination may significantly limit the maximum service temperature of Ti-equipment, implying that there is a risk in using Ti-components under such conditions.
BrownBMoloneyJ.Trends in Oil and Gas corrosion research and technologies. Salt Lake City (UT): Elsevier; 2017. p. 363–383.
2.
WintersMStokesPZunigaP. Real-time performance monitoring of fouling and under-deposit corrosion in cooling water systems. Corros Sci. 1993; 35: 1667–1675.
3.
VeraJrDanielsDAchourMH. Under deposit corrosion (UDC) in the oil and gas industry: a review of mechanisms, testing and mitigation. Corrosion 2012, NACE International, Houston, TX, 2012, NACE-1379.
4.
De ReusHHendriksenLWilmsM. Test methodologies and field verification of corrosion inhibitors to address under deposit corrosion in oil and gas production systems. Corrosion 2005, NACE International, Houston, Texas, 2005, NACE-05288.
5.
PedersenABilkovaKGulbrandsenE. CO 2 corrosion inhibitor performance in the presence of solids: test method development. Corrosion 2008, NACE International, Houston, TX, 2008, NACE-08632.
6.
MokWYJenkinsAKeenanSR. Control of localized corrosion using green corrosion inhibitors. Corrosion 2005, NACE International, Houston, TX, 2005, NACE-05289.
7.
SmithJPGilbertIKidderR. Inhibition of CO 2 corrosion in multiphase flow and solids production: a case history. Corrosion 2001, NACE International, Houston, TX, 2001, NACE-01029.
8.
HuangJBrownBNesicS. Localized corrosion of mild steel under silica deposits in inhibited aqueous CO 2 solutions. Corrosion 2013, NACE International, Houston, TX, 2013, NACE-2013-2144.
9.
TurnbullAHindsGCoolingP. A multi-electrode approach to evaluating inhibition of underdeposit corrosion in CO 2 environments. Corrosion 2009, NACE International, Houston, TX, 2009, NACE-2009.
10.
BarkerRPicklesBNevilleA. General corrosion of X65 steel under silica sand deposits in CO 2-saturated environments in the presence of corrosion inhibitor components. Corrosion 2014, NACE International, Houston, TX, 2014, NACE-4215.
11.
ZhangGAYuNYangLY. Galvanic corrosion behavior of deposit-covered and uncovered carbon steel. Corros Sci. 2014; 8: 202–212.
12.
JeanninMCalonnecDSabotR. Role of a clay sediment deposit on the corrosion of carbon steel in 0.5 mol L−1 NaCl solutions. Corros Sci. 2010; 52: 2026–2034.
13.
McDonaldRMuirD.Pressure oxidation leaching of chalcopyrite. part I. comparison of high and low temperature reaction kinetics and products. Hydrometallurgy. 2007; 86: 191–205.
14.
GraumanJSSayT.Titanium for hydrometallurgical extraction equipment. Adv Mater Processes. 2000; 157: 25–29.
15.
DonachieMJ.Titanium: a technical guide. PA: ASMinternational, Metals Park, OH; 2000. p. 123.
16.
JonesD. Chloride assisted hydrometallurgical extraction of copper from sulphide ore materials. International Patent WO 99/09225, 1999.
17.
WatlingH.Chalcopyrite hydrometallurgy at atmospheric pressure: 2. review of acidic chloride process options. Hydrometallurgy. 2014; 146: 96–110.
18.
LiuJAlfantaziAAsselinE.Influence of cupric, ferric, and chloride on the corrosion of titanium in sulfuric acid solutions up to 85° C. Corros. 2013; 70: 29–37.
19.
JonesDL. Chloride assisted hydrometallurgical copper extraction. US Patent US005645708A, 1997.
20.
HiratoTMajimaHAwakuraY.The leaching of chalcopyrite with ferric sulfate. Metall Mater Trans B. 1987; 18: 489–496.
21.
CórdobaEMuñozJBlázquezM. Leaching of chalcopyrite with ferric ion. Part I: general aspects. Hydrometallurgy. 2008; 93: 81–87.
22.
LuZJeffreyMLawsonF.The effect of chloride ions on the dissolution of chalcopyrite in acidic solutions. Hydrometallurgy. 2000; 56: 189–202.
23.
PetitJChatainierGDabosiF.Inhibitors for the corrosion of reactive metals: titanium and zirconium and their alloys in acid media. Corros Sci. 1981; 21: 279–299.
24.
KellyEJ.Anodic dissolution and passivation of titanium in acidic media III. Chloride solutions. J Electrochem Soc. 1979; 126: 20642075.
25.
SinigagliaDVicentiniBTaccaniG.A study of the behaviour of titanium in acidic solutions part II−behaviour of the macrocouple titanium in aerated acidic solution−titanium in deareated acidic solution. Mater Corros. 1974; 25: 25–32.
26.
NevilleAMcDougallB.Electrochemical assessment of erosion-corrosion of commercially pure titanium and a titanium alloy in slurry impingement. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part L J Mater Des Appl. 2002; 216: 31–41.
27.
GatNTabakoffW.Effects of temperature on the behavior of metals under erosion by particulate matter. J Test Eval. 1980; 8: 177–186.
28.
LütjeringGWilliamsJC.Engineering materials and processes: titanium. New York: Spring; 2007.
29.
TanYFwuYBhardwajK.Electrochemical evaluation of under-deposit corrosion and its inhibition using the wire beam electrode method. Corros Sci. 2011; 53: 1254–1261.
30.
HindsGTurnbullA.Novel multi-electrode test method for evaluating inhibition of underdeposit corrosion—part 1: sweet conditions. Corros. 2010; 66: 046001–046010.
31.
DreisingerD.Copper leaching from primary sulfides: options for biological and chemical extraction of copper. Hydrometallurgy. 2006; 83: 10–20.
32.
PradhanNNathsarmaKRaoKS. Heap bioleaching of chalcopyrite: a review. Miner Eng. 2008; 21: 355–365.
33.
De AssisSWolynecSCostaI.Corrosion characterization of titanium alloys by electrochemical techniques. Electrochim Acta. 2006; 51: 1815–1819.
34.
VezvaieMNoëlJTunZ. Hydrogen absorption into titanium under cathodic polarization: an in-situ neutron reflectometry and EIS study. J Electrochem Soc. 2013; 160: C414–C422.
35.
JüttnerK.Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of corrosion processes on inhomogeneous surfaces. Electrochim Acta. 1990; 35: 1501–1508.
36.
HsuCMansfeldF.Technical note: concerning the conversion of the constant phase element parameter Y0 into a capacitance. Corros. 2001; 57: 747–748.
37.
YahalomJZahaviJ.Electrolytic breakdown crystallization of anodic oxide films on A1, Ta and Ti. Electrochim Acta. 1970; 15: 1429–1435.
38.
HuangJBrownBJiangX. Internal CO 2 corrosion of mild steel pipelines under inert solid deposits. Corrosion 2010, NACE International, Houston, Texas, 2010, NACE-10379.
39.
VaughanJReidPAlfantaziA.Corrosion of Ti-2 and Ti-7 relevant to nickel acid leach chemistry. Hydrometallurgy. 2010; 101 (3-4): 156–165.
40.
VaughanJW. Corrosion of titanium and its alloys at high temperatures and pressures [Ph.D. thesis]. University of British Columbia, Canada; 2003.
41.
KellyRGScullyJrShoesmithDW. Electrochemical techniques in corrosion science and engineering. CRC Press; 2002. pp. 55-124, 223-233.
42.
ShibataTZhuYC.The effect of temperature on the growth of anodic oxide film on titanium. Corros Sci. 1995; 37: 133–144.
43.
LiuYSchallerRFAsselinE.Effect of Fe(III) and Cu(II) on the passivation of Ti-2 in acidic chloride solutions. J Electrochem Soc. 2019; 166: C76–C82.
44.
LiuYAsselinE.Communication—the galvanic effect on the under-deposit corrosion of titanium in chloride solutions. J Electrochem Soc. 2021; 168: 071512.
45.
LiuYAlfantaziASchallerRF. Localised instability of titanium during its erosion-corrosion in simulated acidic hydrometallurgical slurries. Corros Sci. 2020; 174: 108816.
46.
McAleerJPeterL.Instability of anodic oxide films on titanium. J Electrochem Soc. 1982; 129: 1252–1260.
47.
ShibataTZhuYC.The effect of film formation temperature on the stochastic processes of pit generation on anodized titanium. Corros Sci. 1994; 36: 1735–1749.
48.
ShibataTZhuYC.The effect of film formation conditions on the structure and composition of anodic oxide films on titanium. Corros Sci. 2010; 37: 253–270.
