Electrodeposition of metal requires mass transport of ions to the cathode surface. Mass transport of ions is interrelated to the current density, applied voltage, and the morphology and characteristics of the deposit. Nucleation and growth of electrodeposits strongly influence the final structure and morphology of the deposit, and from a commercial perspective the associated tendency to produce rough cathodes, incorporate contaminating particles, and create shorts within cells. In this study effects of mass transport from convective flow, diffusion, and smoothing additives on nucleation and growth of electrodeposits have been evaluated using a combination of experimental techniques and modelling.
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