The present work focused on investigating the microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) susceptibility of ferritic steel–Zr-based metal waste form (MWF) alloy in simulated ground water media, cultured with a common biofilm former Bacillus sp. Total viable count studies showed a good bacterial attachment on the surface of MWF alloy. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) examination of the biofilm MWF surface revealed preferential adhesion of microbes on Fe–Zr-rich intermetallic phases. Anodic polarisation and electrochemical impedance spectroscopic (EIS) studies showed active corrosion potential (Ecorr), higher passive current density (Ipass) and decreased polarisation resistance (Rp) values, confirming the corrosion susceptibility of MWF alloy under Bacillus sp. biofilm.
KeiserDDAbrahamDPSinklerW. Actinide distribution in a stainless steel-15 wt% zirconium high-level nuclear waste form. J Nucl Mat. 2000; 279: 234–244. doi: 10.1016/S0022-3115(00)00002-7
2.
SimpsonMF.Introduction to the pyroprocessing special issue. Nucl Technol. 2008; 162: 117–117. doi: 10.13182/NT08-A7388
3.
AckermanJPJohnsonTRChowLSH. Treatment of wastes in the IFR fuel cycle. Prog Nucl Energy. 1997; 31: 141–154. doi: 10.1016/0149-1970(96)00008-X
4.
FeronDCrusselDGrassJM.Corrosion issues in the French high-level nuclear waste program. Corrosion. 2009; 65: 213–223. doi: 10.5006/1.3319129
5.
AbrahamDPMcDeavittSMParkJ.Microstructure and phase identification in type 304 stainless steel-zirconium alloys. Metall Mater Trans. 1996; 27: 2151–2159. doi: 10.1007/BF02651870
6.
JanneyDE.Host phases for actinides in simulated metallic waste form. J Nucl Mater.2003; 323: 81–92. doi: 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2003.08.032
7.
AbrahamDPRichardsonJWMcDeavittSM.Laves intermetallics in stainless steel-zirconium alloys. Mater Sci Eng A. 1997; 239-240: 658–664. doi: 10.1016/S0921-5093(97)00649-7
8.
AbrahamDPDietzN.Role of laves intermetallics in nuclear waste disposal. Mater Sci Eng A. 2002; 329-331: 610–615.
9.
NagarajanKSubramanianTPrabhakara ReddyB. Current status of pyrochemical reprocessing research in India. Nucl Technol. 2008; 162: 259–263. doi: 10.13182/NT08-A3954
10.
HajjHEAbdelouasAGrambowB. Microbial corrosion of P235GH steel under geological conditions. Phys Chem Earth. 2010; 35: 248–253. doi: 10.1016/j.pce.2010.04.007
11.
MulliganCNYongRNFukueM.Some effects of microbial activity on the evolution of clay-based buffer properties in underground repositories. Appl Clay Sci. 2009; 42: 331–335. doi: 10.1016/j.clay.2008.03.002
12.
Stroes-GascoyneSSargentFP.The Canadian approach to microbial studies in nuclear waste management and disposal. J Cont Hydro. 1998; 35: 175–190. doi: 10.1016/S0169-7722(98)00128-4
13.
BairiLRGeorgeRPKamachi MudaliU.Microbially induced corrosion of D9 stainless steel-zirconium metal waste form alloy under simulated geological repository environment. Corros Sci. 2012; 61: 19–27. doi: 10.1016/j.corsci.2012.04.019
14.
SchutzMKMoreiraRBildsteinO. Combined geochemical and electrochemical methodology to quantify corrosion of carbon steel by bacterial activity. Bioelectrochemistry. 2014; 97: 61–68. doi: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2013.07.003
15.
XuCZhangYChengG. Pitting corrosion behavior of 316 L stainless steel in the media of sulphate reducing and iron-oxidizing bacteria. Mater Charact. 2008; 59: 245–255. doi: 10.1016/j.matchar.2007.01.001
KarnSKFangGDuanJ.Bacillus sp. Acting as dual role for corrosion induction and corrosion inhibition with carbon steel. Frontiers Microb. 2017; 8: 1–11. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02038
18.
KipNvan VeenJA.Mini review: the dual role of microbes in corrosion. The ISME J. 2015; 9: 542–551. doi: 10.1038/ismej.2014.169
19.
HerreraLKVidelaHA.Role of iron reducing bacteria in corrosion and protection of carbon steel. Environ Sci Technol. 2015; 49: 7483–7490. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.5b00693
20.
MalukovBS.Corrosion of steels induced by microorganisms. Metall Mater Eng. 2012; 18: 223–231.
21.
VreulsCZocchiGGaritteG. Biomolecules in multilayer film for antimicrobial and easy – cleaning stainless steel surface applications. Biofouling.2010; 26: 645–656. doi: 10.1080/08927014.2010.506678
22.
BuczynskiWKoryMMSteinerRP. Bacterial adhesion to zirconium surfaces. Colloids Surf B. 2003; 30: 167–175. doi: 10.1016/S0927-7765(03)00068-7
23.
EhrmanJDBenderETStojilovicN.Microbial adhesion to zirconium alloys. Colloids Surf B. 2006; 50: 152–159. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2006.04.010
24.
BairiLRNingshenSKamachi MudaliU. Microstructural analysis and corrosion behavior of D9 stainless steel – zirconium metal waste form alloys. Corros Sci. 2010; 52: 2291–2302. doi: 10.1016/j.corsci.2010.03.018
25.
BairiLRNingshenSKamachi MudaliU. Corrosion issues related to disposal of 316 SS-zirconium metal waste form under simulated repository conditions. Corros Eng Sci Technol. 2011; 46: 171–176. doi: 10.1179/1743278210Y.0000000019
KuttyTRGRaviKKaityS. Effect of temperature on hardness of U-15% Pu alloy and T91 cladding. J Nucl Mater. 2012; 429: 341–345. doi: 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2012.06.025
28.
RaoTSRaniPGVenugopalanVP. Biofilm formation in a freshwater environment under experimental photic and aphotic conditions. Biofouling. 1997; 11: 265–282. doi: 10.1080/08927019709378336
29.
FruECAtharR.In situ bacterial colonization of compacted bentonite under deep geological high-level radioactive waste repository condition. Appl Microbiol Biotech. 2008; 79: 499–510. doi: 10.1007/s00253-008-1436-z
30.
PedersenKMotamediMKamiandO.Mixing and sulphate-reducing activity of bacteria in swelling, compacted bentonite clay under high-level radioactive waste repository conditions. J Appl Microbiol. 2000; 89: 1038–1047. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2000.01212.x
31.
FukunagaSJintokuTIwataY. Investigation of microorganisms in bentonite deposits. Giomicrobiol. J. 2005; 22: 361–370. doi: 10.1080/01490450500248788
32.
KrugNRHoldJG, editors. Bergy's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 1. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1984.
33.
GurumoorthyCSasidharPArumughamV. Sub-surface investigations on deep saline ground water of charnockite rock formation kalpakkam India. Environ Monit Assess. 2004; 91: 211–222. doi: 10.1023/B:EMAS.0000009237.06427.2b
34.
TatawatRKSingh ChandelCP.Quality of ground water of Jaipur city, Rajasthan (India) and its suitability for domestic and irrigation purpose. Appl Ecol Env Res. 2008; 6: 79–88. doi: 10.15666/aeer/0602_079088
35.
APHA. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. Washington (DC): APHA; 1989. pp. 182–184.
36.
GopalJGeorgeRPMuraleedharanP. Photocatalytic inhibition of microbial adhesion by anodized titanium. Biofouling. 2004; 20: 167–175. doi: 10.1080/08927010400008563
37.
MahTCOTooleGA.Mechanisms of biofilm resistance to antimicrobial agents. Trends Microbiol. 2001; 9: 34–39. doi: 10.1016/S0966-842X(00)01913-2
38.
HsuCHMansfeldF.Technical note: concerning the conversion of the constant phase element parameter Y0 into a capacitance. Corrosion. 2001; 57: 747–748. doi: 10.5006/1.3280607
39.
ScudinoSDonnadieuPSurreddiKB. Microstucture and mechanical properties of Laves phase-reinforced Fe-Zr-Cr alloys. Intermetallics. 2009; 17: 532–539. doi: 10.1016/j.intermet.2009.01.007
40.
LittleBJWagnerP.An overview of microbiologically influenced corrosion of metals and alloys used in the storage of nuclear wastes. Can J Microbiol.1996; 42: 367–374. doi: 10.1139/m96-052
41.
RamyaSGeorgeRPRaoRVS.Effect of biofouling on anodized and sol-gel treated titanium surfaces: a comparative study. Biofouling. 2010; 26: 883–891. doi: 10.1080/08927014.2010.529613
42.
LittleBJWagnerPSJacobusOJ.The impact of sulfate-reducing bacteria on welded copper-nickel seawater piping systems. Mater Performance. 1988; 27: 57–61.
43.
LittleBJLeeJRayR.How marine conditions affect the severity of MIC of steels. MIC-An International Perspective Symposium-Feb 14-15, Extrin Corrosion Consultants, Curtin University, Perth, Australia; 2007.
44.
OkamotoG.Passive film of 18-8 stainless steel structure and its function. Corros Sci. 1973; 13: 471–489. doi: 10.1016/0010-938X(73)90031-0
