Restricted accessResearch articleFirst published online 2021-11
Effect of maleic anhydride (MA) and glycerol triacetate (GTA) compatibilisers on the properties of compression moulded pineapple leaf fibre reinforced polylactic acid green composite
Green composites are area of interest among researchers due to its eco-friendliness. This paper investigates the fabrication and characteristics of pineapple leaf fibre (PALF) reinforced polylactic acid (PLA) green composites with and without the addition of maleic anhydride (MA) and glycerol triacetate (GTA). Green composites can be applied in single-use short-term applications, like packaging and biomedicals. In this study, the green composites undergo investigation for thermal, mechanical, dynamic and morphological characteristics to find the effect of PALF loading in PLA, with and without compatibilisers. The compatibilising effects were established in FTIR spectroscopy, dynamic mechanical analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. The impact strength increases by 3.3% and 6.5%, respectively, for MA and GTA compatibilisers while an increase of 3.85% and a decline of 1.4% in case of tensile strength was noticed. The morphological studies show a poor interfacial bonding and dispersion attributed to the failure of the on GTA compatibilised composites.
NazrinA, SapuanSM, ZuhriM, Nanocellulose reinforced thermoplastic starch (TPS), polylactic acid (PLA), and polybutylene succinate (PBS) for food packaging applications. Front Chem. 2020; 8: 213. doi: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00213.
2.
SyafiqR, SapuanSM, ZuhriMYM, Antimicrobial activities of starch-based biopolymers and biocomposites incorporated with plant essential oils: a review. Polymers. 2020; 12(10): 2403. doi: 10.3390/polym12102403.
3.
IlyasRA, SapuanSM.Biopolymers and biocomposites: chemistry and technology. Curr Anal Chem. 2020; 16 ( 5 ): 500–503. doi: 10.2174/157341101605200603095311.
4.
RetnamBSJ, SivapragashM, PradeepP.Effects of fibre orientation on mechanical properties of hybrid bamboo/glass fibre polymer composites. Bull Mater Sci. 2014; 37: 1059–1064. doi: 10.1007/s12034-014-0045-y.
5.
TanpichaiS, WootthikanokkhanJ.Reinforcing abilities of microfibers and nanofibrillated cellulose in poly(lactic acid) composites. Sci Eng Compos Mater. 2018; 25 ( 2 ): 395–401. doi: 10.1515/secm-2016-0113.
6.
MochaneMJ, MokhenaTC, SadikuER, Green polymer composites based on polylactic acid (PLA) and fibers. In: GnanasekaranD, editor. Green biopolymers and their nanocomposites. Materials horizons: from nature to nanomaterials. Singapore: Springer; 2019. doi: 10.1007/978-981-13-8063-1_2.
González-LópezME, Robledo-OrtízJR, Manríquez-GonzálezR, Polylactic acid functionalization with maleic anhydride and its use as coupling agent in natural fiber biocomposites: a review. Compos Interfaces. 2018; 25 ( 5–7 ): 515–538. doi: 10.1080/09276440.2018.1439622.
9.
TanpichaiS, SampsonWW, EichhornSJ.Stress-transfer in microfibrillated cellulose reinforced poly(lactic acid) composites using Raman spectroscopy. Compos A Appl Sci Manuf. 2012; 43 ( 7 ): 1145–1152. doi: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2012.02.006.
10.
GurunathanT, MohantyS, NayakSK.A review of the recent developments in biocomposites based on natural fibres and their application perspectives. Compos A Appl Sci Manuf. 2015; 77: 1–25. doi: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2015.06.007.
11.
MajhiS, NayakS, MohantyS, Mechanical and fracture behavior of banana fiber reinforced polylactic acid biocomposites. Int J Plast Technol. 2010; 14: 57–75. doi: 10.1007/s12588-010-0010.
12.
SajnaV, MohantyS, NayakSK.Hybrid green nanocomposites of poly(lactic acid) reinforced with banana fibre and nanoclay. J Reinf Plast Compos. 2014; 33 ( 18 ): 1717–1732. doi: 10.1177/0731684414542992-6.
13.
DarsanRS, Stanly Jones RetnamB, SivapragashM.Mechanical and water absorption of Injection moulded pineapple leaf fiber reinforced polylactic acid composites. Int J Mech Eng Technol. 2018; 9 ( 11 ): 779–788. http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=9&IType=11.
14.
Abd AliL, AnsariMNM, PuaG, A review on natural fiber reinforced polymer composite and its applications. Int J Polym Sci. 2015: 1–15. doi: 10.1155/2015/243947.
15.
Burrola-NúñezH, Herrera-FrancoP, Soto-ValdezH, Production of biocomposites using different pre-treated cut jute fibre and polylactic acid matrix and their properties. J Nat Fibres. 2019: 1–14. doi: 10.1080/15440478.2019.1693473.
16.
IlyasRA, SapuanSM, IbrahimR, Sugar palm (arenga pinnata (wurmb.) merr) cellulosic fibre hierarchy: a comprehensive approach from macro to nano scale. J Mater Res Technol. 2019; 8 ( 3 ): 2753–2766. doi: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.04.011.
17.
OksmanK, SkrifvarsM, SelinJ-F.Natural fibres as reinforcement in polylactic acid (PLA) composites. Compos Sci Technol. 2003; 63: 1317–1324. doi: 10.1016/S0266-3538(03)00103-9.
18.
GeorgiopoulosP, KontouE, GeorgousisG.Effect of silane treatment loading on the flexural properties of PLA/flax unidirectional composites. Compos Commun. 2018; 10: 6–10. doi: 10.1016/j.coco.2018.05.002.
CasabarJT, UnpapromY, RamarajR.Fermentation of pineapple fruit peel wastes for bioethanol production. Biomass Convers Biorefin. 2019; 9: 761–765. doi: 10.1007/s13399-019-00436-y.
29.
TanpichaiS, WitayakranS, BoonmahitthisudA.Study on structural and thermal properties of cellulose microfibers isolated from pineapple leaves using steam explosion. J Environ Chem Eng. 2019; 7 ( 1 ): 102836. doi: 10.1016/j.jece.2018.102836.
Birnin-YauriAU, IbrahimNA, ZainuddinN, Effect of maleic anhydride-modified poly(lactic acid) on the properties of its hybrid fiber biocomposites. Polymers. 2017; 9: 165. doi: 10.3390/polym9050165.
32.
SullinsT, PillayS, KomusA, Hemp fiber reinforced polypropylene composites: the effects of material treatments. Compos B Eng. 2017; 114: 15–22. doi: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2017.02.001.
33.
TanrattanakulV, BunkaewP.Effect of different plasticizers on the properties of bio-based thermoplastic elastomer containing poly (lactic acid) and natural rubber. Express Polym Lett. 2014; 8 ( 6 ): 386–397. doi: 10.3144/expresspolymlett.2014.43.
34.
YuT, JiangN, LiY.Study on short ramie fiber/poly (lactic acid) composites compatibilized by maleic anhydride. Compos A Appl Sci Manuf. 2014; 64: 139–146. doi: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2014.05.008.
HarmaenAS, KhalinaA, FaizalAR, Effect of triacetin on tensile properties of oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber-reinforced polylactic acid composites. Polym Plast Technol Eng. 2013; 52 ( 4 ): 400–406. doi: 10.1080/03602559.2012.754897.
44.
PetchwattanaN, NarupaiB.Synergistic effect of talc and titanium dioxide on poly(lactic acid) crystallization: an investigation on the injection molding cycle time reduction. J Polym Environ. 2019; 27: 837–846. doi: 10.1007/s10924-019-01396-0.
45.
FernandesEM, CorreloVM, ManoJF, Cork–polymer biocomposites: mechanical, structural and thermal properties. Mater Des. 2015; 82: 282–289. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2015.05.040.
46.
SiakengR, JawaidM, AriffinH, Thermal properties of coir and pineapple leaf fibre reinforced polylactic acid hybrid composites. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering; IOP Publishing; 2018; 368. p. 012019. doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/368/1/012019.
47.
KaewpiromS, WorraratC.Preparation and properties of pineapple leaf fiber reinforced poly(lactic acid) green composites. Fibers Polym. 2014; 15: 1469–1477. doi: 10.1007/s12221-014-1469-0.
48.
TanpichaiS, SampsonWW, EichhornSJ.Stress transfer in microfibrillated cellulose reinforced poly (vinyl alcohol) composites. Compos A Appl Sci Manuf. 2014; 65: 186–191. doi: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2014.06.014.
49.
PhuongVT, GiganteV, AliottaL, Reactively extruded ecocomposites based on poly (lactic acid)/bisphenol A polycarbonate blends reinforced with regenerated cellulose microfibers. Compos Sci Technol. 2017; 139: 127–137. doi: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2016.12.013.
50.
PhuongVT, ColtelliMB, CinelliP, Compatibilization and property enhancement of poly (lactic acid)/polycarbonate blends through triacetin-mediated interchange reactions in the melt. Polymer (Guildf). 2014; 55 (17): 4498–4513. doi: 10.1016/j.polymer.2014.06.070.
51.
SiregarJP, JaafarJ, CionitaT, The effect of maleic anhydride polyethylene on mechanical properties of pineapple leaf fibre reinforced polylactic acid composites. Int J Precis Eng Manuf Green Tech. 2019; 6: 101–112. doi: 10.1007/s40684-019-00018-3.
