Melamine formaldehyde microsphere (MF) was incorporated into nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) and styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), respectively. The interaction between MF and rubber and effects of interfacial interaction on the dispersion of filler in rubber matrix, dynamic mechanical analysis, vulcanisation characteristics and kinetics were studied. The results showed that MF interacted with NBR through hydrogen bonds while there had no observed interaction between MF and SBR. The parameter b of MF/NBR calculated by the ratio of modulus and strains increased significantly, which demonstrated further the strong interaction between MF and NBR. For MF/SBR system, however, the parameter b changed slightly with little polymer–filler interaction. The Scanning Electron Microscope images released that strong polymer–filler interaction caused the uniform dispersion of MF in NBR matrix. The vulcanisation of MF/rubber was fitted by Ghoreishy's model, and the addition of MF increased the rate of curing, shear modulus of compound and activity energy.
BarreraCS, CornishK.Processing and mechanical properties of natural rubber/waste-derived nano filler composites compared to macro and micro filler composites. Ind Crop Prod. 2017;107:217–231. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.05.045.
2.
SahuG, GabaV, PandaS, Thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and volumetric heat capacity of silicone elastomer nanocomposites. High Perform Polym. 2017;30(3):0954008317698545. doi:10.1177/0954008317698545.
3.
YinQ, WenY, JiaH, Enhanced mechanical, dielectric, electrical and thermal conductive properties of HXNBR/HNBR blends filled with ionic liquid-modified multiwalled carbon nanotubes [journal article]. J Mater Sci. 2017;52(18):10814–10828. doi:10.1007/s10853-017-1251-y.
4.
YangX, SongG, LiP, The structure, properties and application of NR/BR/OMMT nanocomposites. High Perform Polym. 2010;22(6):649–665. doi:10.1177/0954008309354610.
5.
YinB, ZhangX, ZhangX, Ionic liquid functionalized graphene oxide for enhancement of styrene-butadiene rubber nanocomposites. Polym Adv Technol. 2016;28:293–302. doi:10.1002/pat.3886.
6.
ZhangGSZ.Mechanical properties of melamine-formaldehyde microcapsules. J Microencapsul. 2001;18(5):593–602. doi:10.1080/02652040010019541.
7.
ZhangB, LiuH, HanJ.Zinc hydroxystannate microencapsulated to improve its safety and application to flame-retardant, smoke-suppressed polyvinyl chloride composites. J Alloy Compd. 2017;712:768–780. doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.04.146.
8.
MuB, LiX, YangB, Tribological behaviors of polyurethane composites containing self-lubricating microcapsules and reinforced by short carbon fibers. J Appl Polym Sci. 2017;134(43):45331, doi:10.1002/app.45331.
9.
YinF, PengP, MoW, The preparation of a porous melamine-formaldehyde adsorbent grafted with polyethyleneimine and its CO2 adsorption behavior [10.1039/C7NJ00240H]. New J Chem. 2017;41(13):5297–5304. doi:10.1039/C7NJ00240H.
10.
SareenaC, RamesanMT, PurushothamanE.Utilization of peanut shell powder as a novel filler in natural rubber. J Appl Polym Sci. 2012;125(3):2322–2334. doi:10.1002/app.36468.
11.
HuangY, QinA, HangZ, Properties of the mono-dispersed melamine formaldehyde microspheres coated with Ni/Ag. J Nanjing Univ Natural Sci. 2014;50(1):54–60.
12.
WangJ, JiaH, ZhangJ, Bacterial cellulose whisker as a reinforcing filler for carboxylated acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber. J Mater Sci. 2014;49(17):6093–6010. doi:10.1007/s10853-014-8336-7. English.
13.
WangM-J, WoffS.Surface energy of carbon black. In: DonnetJ-B, editor. Carbon black: science and technology. NY: CRC Press; 1993. p. 229–244.
14.
BarakaA, HallPJ, HeslopMJ.Preparation and characterization of melamine–formaldehyde–DTPA chelating resin and its use as an adsorbent for heavy metals removal from wastewater. React Funct Polym. 2007;67(7):585–600. doi:10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2007.01.015.
15.
LiangS, YanH, CaoJ, Molecularly imprinted phloroglucinol–formaldehyde–melamine resin prepared in a deep eutectic solvent for selective recognition of clorprenaline and bambuterol in urine. Anal Chim Acta. 2017;951:68–77. doi:10.1016/j.aca.2016.11.009.
16.
Martı´nez-BarreraG, LópezH, CastañoVM, Studies on the rubber phase stability in gamma irradiated polystyrene-SBR blends by using FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy. Radiat Phys Chem. 2004;69(2):155–162. doi:10.1016/S0969-806X(03)00452-3.
17.
RayS, ShanmugharajAM, BhowmickAK.A new parameter for interpretation of polymer-filler and filler-filler interactions in rubber vulcanizates. J Mater Sci Lett. 2002;21(14):1097–1100. doi:10.1023/A:1016506532606.
18.
WoffS, WangM-J.Carbon black reinforcement of elastomers. In: DonnetJ-B, editor. Carbon black: science and technology. NY: CRC Press; 1993. p. 289–356.
19.
WangMJ.The role of filler networking in dynamic properties of filled rubber. Rubber Chem Technol. 1999;72(2):430–448. doi:10.5254/1.3538812.
20.
WangJ, JiaH, DingL, The mechanism of carbon–silica dual phase filler modified by ionic liquid and its reinforcing on natural rubber. Polym Compos. 2015;36(9):1721–1730. doi:10.1002/pc.23083.
21.
CoranAY.Vulcanization. In: MarkJE, ErmanB, RolandM, editors. The science and technology of rubber. NY: Academic Press; 2005. p. 321–366.
22.
ZhaoQ, LiuQ, XuH, Preparation and characterization of room temperature vulcanized silicone rubber using [small alpha]-amine ketoximesilanes as auto-catalyzed cross-linkers [10.1039/C6RA04445J]. RSC Adv. 2016;6(44):38447–38453. doi:10.1039/C6RA04445J.
23.
PanH, XuM, LeiX, Curing behaviors and performance of a carboxyl-terminated butadiene acrylonitrile rubber/bisphthalonitrile resin system. High Perform Polym. 2016;28(5):581–590. doi:10.1177/0954008315591190.
24.
SaatchiMM, ShojaeiA.Effect of carbon-based nanoparticles on the cure characteristics and network structure of styrene–butadiene rubber vulcanizate. Polym Int. 2012;61(4):664–672. doi:10.1002/pi.4132.
25.
DonnetJB.Nano and microcomposites of polymers elastomers and their reinforcement. Compos Sci Technol. 2003;63(8):1085–1088. doi:10.1016/S0266-3538(03)00028-9.
