A ring-shaped permanent magnet is applied in resistance spot welding to improve the weld quality of austenitic stainless steel. Under the action of an external magnetic field, the profile of the weld nugget became peanut-shaped instead of ellipsoidal. The crystal orientation near the faying surface was less directional, and equiaxed grains were formed in weld nugget centre. Moreover, the shrinkage cavities tendency in traditional resistance spot welds was reduced. The relatively slow cooling speed could cause element segregation and thus change solidification mode and significantly affect weld microstructures. The mechanical performance of the welds was finally improved by the applied external magnetic field in terms of microhardness and lap-shear strength.
WuSK, HuSJ, WuSM.Optimal door fitting with systematic fixture adjustment. Int J Flex Manuf Syst. 1994; 6(2):99–121.
2.
HuSJ, KorenY.Stream-of-variation theory for automotive body assembly. Ann CIRP. 1997; 46(1):1–6.
3.
GrässelO, FrommeyerG.Effect of martensitic phase transformation and deformation twinning on mechanical properties of Fe-Mn-Si-Al steels. Mater Sci Technol. 1998; 14(12):1213–1217.
4.
ŁukszaJ, BurdekM.The influence of the deformation mode on the final mechanical properties of products in multi-pass drawing and flat rolling. J Mater Process Technol. 2002; 125–126(1):725–730.
5.
LippoidJC, KoteckiDJ.Welding metallurgy and weldability of stainless steels. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons; 2005.
6.
PeasuraP.Effect of resistance spot welding parameters on the austenitic stainless steel 304 grade by using 23 factorial design. Adv Mater Res. 2011; 216:666–670.
7.
SiefertJA, DavidSA.Weldability and weld performance of candidate austenitic alloys for advanced ultrasupercritical fossil power plants. Sci Technol Weld Join. 2014; 19(4):271–294.
8.
VillafuerteJC, KerrHW.Electromagnetic stirring and grain refinement in stainless steel GTA welds. Weld J. 1990; 69:1–13.
9.
LuoJ, LuoQ, LinYH, A new approach for fluid flow model in gas tungsten arc weld pool using longitudinal electromagnetic control. Weld J. 2003; 82(8):202–206.
10.
YangFZ, WuCS, GaoJQ.Suppressing of humping bead using an external magnetic field in high-speed gas metal arc welding. China Weld. 2014; 23(2):22–28.
11.
WeiPS, WangSC, LinMS.Transport phenomena during resistance spot welding. Trans ASME Heat Transfer. 1996; 118(3):762–773.
12.
WeiPS, WuTH.Effects of electrical current on transport process in resistance spot welding. Sci Technol Weld Join. 2010; 15(6):448–456.
13.
WeiPS, WuTH.Magnetic property effect on transport process in resistance spot welding. J Phys D Appl Phys. 2011; 44(32):325501.
14.
WeiPS, WuTH, HsiehSS.Phase change effects on transport processes in resistance spot welding. J Mech. 2011; 27(1):19–26.
15.
WeiPS, WuTH.Effects of electrode contact condition on electrical dynamic resistance during resistance spot welding. Sci Technol Weld Join. 2014; 19(2):173–180.
16.
WeiPS, WuTH.Electrode geometry effects on microstructure determined by heat transfer and solidification rate during resistance spot welding. Int J Heat Mass Tranfer. 2014; 79(79):408–416.
17.
WeiPS, WuTH.Numerical study of electrode geometry effects on resistance spot welding. Sci Technol Weld Join. 2013; 18(8):661–670.
18.
WeiPS, WuTH.Electrical contact resistance effect on resistance spot welding. Int J Heat Mass Tranfer. 2012; 55(1112):3316–3324.
19.
HoJE, WeiPS, WuTH.Workpiece property effect on resistance spot welding. IEEE T Comp Pack Man. 2012; 2(6):925–934.
20.
LiYB, LinZQ, HuSJ, Numerical analysis of magnetic fluid dynamics behaviors during resistance spot welding. J Appl Phys. 2007; 101(5):053506.
21.
LiYB, LinZQ, HuSJ, Magnetohydrodynamic behaviors in a resistance spot weld nugget under different welding currents. Sci China E. 2008; 51(9):1507–1515.
22.
LiYB, LinZQ, LaiXM, Induced electromagnetic stirring behavior in a resistance spot weld nugget. Sci China Technol Sci. 2010; 53(5):1271–1277.
23.
LiYB, LinZQ, ShenQ, Numerical analysis of transport phenomena in resistance spot welding process. Trans ASME J Manuf Sci E. 2011; 133:031019.
24.
LiYB, WeiZY, LiYT, Effects of cone angle of truncated electrode on heat and mass transfer in resistance spot welding. Int J Heat Mass Transfer. 2013; 65(7):400–408.
LiYB, LinZQ, LiRH, Magnetically controlled resistance spot welding system. Chinese Patent Number CN 101,628,358 B. 2011.
27.
LiYB, LinZQ, ShenQ, A type of magnetically assisted resistance spot welding method. Chinese Patent Number CN 102267002 B. 2013.
28.
LiYB, LiYT, ShenQ, Magnetically assisted resistance spot welding of dual-phase steel. Weld J. 2013; 92(4):124–132.
29.
LiYB, ShenQ, LinZQ, Quality improvement in resistance spot weld of advanced high strength steel using external magnetic field. Sci Technol Weld Join. 2011; 16(5):465–469.
30.
ShenQ, LiYB, LinZQ, Impact of external magnetic field on weld quality of resistance spot welding. Trans ASME J Manuf Sci E. 2011; 133(5):051001.
31.
ShenQ, LiYB, LinZQ, Effect of external constant magnetic field on weld nugget of resistance spot welded dual-phase steel DP590. IEEE Trans Magn. 2011; 47(10):4116–4119.
32.
LiY, LuoZ, YanFY, Effect of external magnetic field on resistance spot welds of aluminum alloy. Mater Design. 2014; 56(12):1025–1033.
33.
YaoQ, LuoZ, LiY, Effect of electromagnetic stirring on the microstructures and mechanical properties of magnesium alloy resistance spot weld. Mater Design. 2014; 63(63):200–207.
34.
JIS G4305: 2012.Cold-rolled stainless Steel Plate, Sheet and Strip. Standardization administration of Japan; 2012.
35.
DavidSA, SiefertJA, FengZ.Welding and weldability of candidate ferritic alloys for future advanced ultrasupercritical fossil power plants. Sci Technol Weld Join. 2013; 18(8):631–651.
36.
HuntJD.Steady state columnar and equiaxed growth of dendrites and eutectic. Mater Sci Eng. 1984; 65(1):75–83.
37.
DavidSA.Ferrite morphology and variations in ferrite content in austenitic stainless steel welds. Weld J. 1981; 60(4):63–71.
38.
DelongWT.Ferrite in austenitic stainless steel weld metal. Weld J. 1974; 53(7):273–286.
39.
NakaoY, NishimotoK, ZhangWP.Effects of rapid solidification by laser surface melting on solidification modes and microstructures of stainless steels. Trans JPN Weld Soc. 1988; 19(2):100–106.
40.
LippoldJC.Solidification behavior and cracking susceptibility of pulsed-laser welds in austenitic stainless steels. Weld J. 1994; 73(6):129–139.
41.
DavidSA, VitekJM, ReedRW, Effect of rapid solidification on stainless steel weld metal microstructures and its implications on the Schaeffler diagram. Oak Ridge National Laboratory; 1987. (ORNL/TM-10487).
42.
ElmerJW, AllenSM, EagarTW.The influence of cooling rate on the ferrite content of stainless steel alloys. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Trends in Welding Research; 1989, Gatlinburg, USA.
43.
KouS, LeY.The effect of quenching on the solidification structure and transformation behavior of stainless steel welds. Metall Trans A. 1982; 13(7):1141–1152.
44.
KatayamaS, FujimotoT, MatsunawaA.Correlation among solidification process, microstructure, microsegregation and solidification cracking susceptibility in stainless steel weld metals (materials, metallurgy & weldability). Trans J WRI. 1985; 14(1):123–138.
