This paper discusses the existence of large (
) anomalous features observed in the microstructure of chromium carbide weld overlays. Microhardness testing (Vickers), Auger electron spectroscopy, electron backscatter diffraction, and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy were employed to identify the origin, composition, and phase of the large anomalous features. Analysis of the results revealed the large anomalous features are unmelted powder granules with a different composition of the orthorhombic M7C3 phase of the primary carbides.
BarnesN, JosephT, MendezPF. Issues associated with welding and surfacing of large mobile mining equipment for use in oil sands applications. Sci Technol Weld Join. 2015; 20(6):483–493. doi: 10.1179/1362171815Y.0000000060
3.
WTIA. Welding Technology Institute of Australia. The industry guide to hardfacing for the control of wear. Newington (Australia): Welding Institute of Australia.
4.
LiuZJ, SuYH, SunJG. Effects of shape and distribution of
on wear resistance of iron based composite. Key Eng Mater. 2008; 373–374:560–563. doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.373-374.560
5.
LinCM, LaiHH, KuoJC, . Effect of carbon content on solidification behaviors and morphological characteristics of the constituent phases in Cr-Fe-C alloys. Mater Charact. 2011; 62(12):1124–1133. doi: 10.1016/j.matchar.2011.09.007
6.
BarnesN, BorleS, DewarM, . 3D microstructure reconstruction of chrome carbide weld overlays. Sci Technol Weld Join. 2014; 19(8):696–702. doi: 10.1179/1362171814Y.0000000244
7.
BuchananVE, ShipwayPH, McCartneyDG: Microstructure and abrasive wear behaviour of shielded metal arc welding hardfacings used in the sugarcane industry. Wear. 2007; 263(1-6 SPEC. ISS.):99–110. doi: 10.1016/j.wear.2006.12.053
8.
BuytozS. Microstructural properties of
eutectic carbides in a Fe-Cr-C alloy. Mater Lett. 2006; 60(5):605–608. doi: 10.1016/j.matlet.2005.09.046
9.
International Institute of Welding. ISO/TR 13393 – Welding consumables – Hardfacing classification - Microstructures. Geneva: ISO; 2009.
10.
LassusM, RiviereR, MonnierG. Sur la structure et l'evolution des parametres cristallins de la solution solide (Cr, Fe)
C
. Comptes Rendus des Seances Academie des Sciences Paris. 1967; 264(Serie C):1057–1060.
11.
FruchartR, RouaultA. Sur L'Existence de Macles dans les Carbures Orthorhombiques Isomorphes
,
,
. Annales des Chimies. 1969; 3(4):143–145.
12.
Bauer-GrosseE, MorniroliJP, KhachfiM, . Crystallography of
carbides and
borides: the difference in the local order in carbides and borides to explain the nature and density of defects in these compounds. J Less-Common Metals. 1986; 117:231–236. doi: 10.1016/0022-5088(86)90038-X
13.
FangCM, van HuisMA, ZandbergenHW. Structural, electronic, and magnetic properties of iron carbide
phases from first-principles theory. Phys Rev B. 2009; 80(22):1–9. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.80.224108
14.
KaplanB, BlomqvistA, ÅrhammarC, . Structural determination of (Cr,Co)7C3. 18th Plansee Seminar, 3–7 June, 2013 in Reutte, Austria, 3: HM104/1–HM104/12; 2013.
15.
AtamertS, BhadeshiaHKDH. Microstructure and stability of Fe-Cr-C hardfacing alloys. Mater Sci Eng: A. 1990; 130(1):101–111. doi: 10.1016/0921-5093(90)90085-H
16.
BorleS. Microstrcutural characterization of chromium carbide overlays and a study of alternative welding processes for industrial wear applications. Master of science, University of Alberta; 2014.
17.
ChangCM, ChenYC, WuW. Microstructural and abrasive characteristics of high carbon Fe-Cr-C hardfacing alloy. Tribol Int. 2010; 43(5–6):929–934. doi: 10.1016/j.triboint.2009.12.045
18.
KoteckiDJ, OgbornJS. Abrasion resistance of iron-based hardfacing alloys. Weld J. 1995; 74(8):S269–S278.
19.
BorleSD, Le GallI, MendezPF. Primary chromium carbide fraction control with variable polarity SAW. Weld J. 2015, (January).
TabrettCP, SareIR, GhomashchiMR. Microstructure-property relationships in high chromium white iron alloys. Int Mater Rev. 1996; 41(2):59–82. doi: 10.1179/imr.1996.41.2.59
23.
WolfeH, HeneinTB. Predicting homogeneity of WC-based metal matrix composites deposited by plasma transferred arc welding. 12th International Conference on Modeling of Casting, Welding, and Advanced Solidification Processes. San Francisco (CA): TMS; 2009. p. 585–599.
24.
PlessisJ. Neglected and hidden errors in the quantification of auger electron spectroscopy. Surf Interface Anal. 1993; 20(1992):228–232. doi: 10.1002/sia.740200307
25.
SeahMP. Quantitative Auger electron spectroscopy: modulating the spectrometer. London: Heyden & Son Ltd; 1979.