The Ti–5Al–2Sn–2Zr–4Mo–4Cr (Ti17) titanium alloy is the main material used in manufacturing blades and disks of aero engines, and it is always jointed with different microstructures for the design constraints. In this work, the residual stresses of linear friction welding of β Ti17 and α + β Ti17 are measured by contour method and the X-ray diffraction method. The welding-induced tensions were found to be greater on the β side than that on the α + β side, and had an obvious reduction in the weld centre. After the post weld heat treatment (PWHT) of 630°C for 3 h, all tensions on the β side relax to a very limited value while some new PWHT-induced compressions are found on the α + β side.
VarisA. and FrostM.: ‘High frequency linear friction welding of a titanium alloy’, Wear, 1998, 217, (1), 117–131. doi: 10.1016/S0043-1648(98)00145-8
2.
VarisA. and FrostM.: ‘On the extrusion stage of linear friction welding of Ti-6Al-4V’, Mater. Sci. Eng. A., 1999, 217, (1), 477–484. doi: 10.1016/S0921-5093(99)00449-9
3.
DeA. and DebRoyT.: ‘A perspective on residual stresses in welding’, Sci. Technol. Weld. Join., 2011, 16, (3), 204–208. doi: 10.1179/136217111X12978476537783
4.
BoyerR. P.: ‘An overview on the use of titanium in the aerospace industry’, Mater. Sci. Eng. A., 1996, 213, (1), 103–114. doi: 10.1016/0921-5093(96)10233-1
5.
VarisA. and FrostM.: ‘Modelling the linear friction welding of titanium blocks’, Mater. Sci. Eng. A., 2000, 292, (1), 8–17. doi: 10.1016/S0921-5093(00)01036-4
6.
LiW. Y., MaT. J. and LiJ. L.: ‘Numerical simulation of linear friction welding of titanium alloy: Effects of processing parameters’, Mater. Des., 2010, 31, (3), 1497–1507. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2009.08.023
7.
FratiniL., BuffaG., CampanellaD. and SpisaD. L.: ‘Investigations on the linear friction welding process through numerical simulations and experiments’, Mater. Des., 2012, 40, 285–291. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2012.03.058
8.
TurnerR., SchroederF., WardR. M. and BrooksJ. W.: ‘The importance of materials data and modelling parameters in an FE simulation of linear friction welding’, Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2014, 2014, 1–8. doi: 10.1155/2014/521937
9.
RossiniN. S., DassistiM., BenyounisK. Y. and OlabiA. G.: ‘Methods of measuring residual stresses in components’, Mater. Des., 2012, 35, 572–588. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2011.08.022
10.
TarinP., FernandezA. L., SimonA. G., BadiaJ. M. and PirisN. M.: ‘Transformations in the Ti-5Al-2Sn-2Zr-4Mo-4Cr (Ti-17) alloy and mechanical and microstructural characteristics’, Mater. Sci. Eng. A., 2006, 438, 364–368. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2006.02.183
11.
MaT. J., LiW. Y., ZhongB., ZhangY. and LiJ. L.: ‘Effect of post-weld heat treatment on microstructure and property of linear friction welded Ti17 titanium alloy joint’, Sci. Technol. Weld. Join., 2012, 17, (3), 180–185. doi: 10.1179/1362171811Y.0000000079
12.
ZhouY. G., ZengW. D., and YuH. Q.: ‘An investigation of a new near-beta forging process for titanium alloys and its application in aviation components’, Mater. Sci. Eng. A., 2005, 393, (1), 204–212. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2004.10.016
13.
JiY., ChaiZ., ZhaoD., and WuS.: ‘Linear friction welding of Ti–5Al–2Sn–2Zr–4Mo–4Cr alloy with dissimilar microstructure’, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2014, 214, (4), 979–987. doi: 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2013.11.006
14.
PrimeM. B.: ‘Cross-sectional mapping of residual stresses by measuring the surface contour after a cut’, J. Eng. Mater. Technol., 2001, 123, (2), 162–168. doi: 10.1115/1.1345526
15.
PrimeM. B. and KastengrenA. L.: ‘The contour method cutting assumption: Error minimization and correction’, Exp. Appl. Mech., 2011, 6, 233–250.
16.
HosseinzadehF., LedgardP. and BouchardP. J.: ‘Controlling the cut in contour residual stress measurements of electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates’, J. Exp. Mech., 2013, 53, (5), 829–839. doi: 10.1007/s11340-012-9686-1
17.
PagliaoP., PrimeM. B., SwensonH. and ZuccarelloB.: ‘Measuring multiple residual-stress components using the contour method and multiple cuts’, Exp. Mech., 2010, 50, (2), 187–194. doi: 10.1007/s11340-009-9280-3
18.
PagliaroP., PrimeM. B., RobinsonJ. S., ClausenB., SwensonH., SteinzigM. and ZuccarelloB.: ‘Measuring inaccessible residual stresses using multiple methods and superposition’, Exp. Mech., 2011, 51, (7), 1123–1134. doi: 10.1007/s11340-010-9424-5
19.
PrimeM. B., SebringR. J., EdwardsJ. M., HughesD. J., and WebsterP. J.: ‘Laser surface-contouring and spline data-smoothing for residual stress measurement’, Exp. Mech., 2004, 44, (2), 176–184. doi: 10.1007/BF02428177
20.
LiuC. and YiX.: ‘Residual stress measurement on AA6061-T6 aluminum alloy friction stir butt welds using contour method’, Mater. Des., 2013, 46, 366–371. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2012.10.030
21.
LiuC., ZhuH. Y. and DongC. L.: ‘Internal residual stress measurement on inertia friction welding of nickel-based superalloy’, Sci. Technol. Weld. Join., 2014, 19, (5), 408–415. doi: 10.1179/1362171814Y.0000000206
22.
HaciniL., VanL. N. and BocherP.: ‘Evaluation of residual stress induced by robotized hammer peening by the contour method’, Exp. Mech., 2009, 49, (6), 775–783. doi: 10.1007/s11340-008-9205-6
23.
ToparliM. B., FitzpatrickM. E. and GungorS.: ‘Improvement of the contour method for measurement of near-surface residual stresses from Laser peening’, Exp. Mech., 2013, 53, (9), 1705–1718. doi: 10.1007/s11340-013-9766-x
24.
KartalM. E.: ‘Analytical solutions for determining residual stresses in two-dimensional domains using the contour method’, Proc. Roy. Soc. A: Math. Phys., 2013, 469, (2159), 1–20. doi: 10.1098/rspa.2013.0367
25.
FrankelP., PreussM., SteuwerA., WithersP. J. and BrayS.: ‘Comparison of residual stresses in Ti–6Al–4V and Ti–6Al–2Sn–4Zr–2Mo linear friction welds’, Mater. Sci. Technol., 2009, 25, (5), 640–650. doi: 10.1179/174328408X332825
26.
RangaswamyP., PrimeM. B., DaymondM., BourkeM. A. M., ClausenB., ChooH. and JayaramanN.: ‘Comparison of residual strains measured by X-Ray and Neutron diffraction in a titanium (Ti-6AL-4V) matrix composite’, Mater. Sci. Eng. A., 1999, 259, (2), 209–219. doi: 10.1016/S0921-5093(98)00893-4
27.
JiY. and WuS.: ‘Study on microstructure and mechanical behavior of dissimilar Ti17 friction welds’, Mater. Sci. Eng. A., 2014, 596, 32–40. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2013.10.005
