Grand challenges facing humanity today are closely linked to the rapid exhaustion of natural resources in conjunction with the massive growth of industrial production that sustains the booming world population. The processing of animal skin waste to create collagen-based materials has the potential to provide an eco-friendly method to develop multifunctional materials such as films, sponges/scaffolds, fibers, gels, etc., that could contribute to technological advancements in different sectors. Hence in this review, we present methods for potential improvements in the development of collagen-based materials from a materials science perspective. We explored different possible approaches for utilizing collagen to generate multifunctional materials that exhibit outstanding properties, in combination with mechanical robustness and chemical stability. In sum, this review will present collagen as an eco-friendly resource that can be used to produce multifunctional, recyclable, biocompatible, and biodegradable materials that are ideal for new technologies in materials science, biomedicine, and environmental remediation.
RitchieRO.The conflicts between strength and toughness. Nat Mater. Nov;10(11):817–822. PubMed PMID: WOS:000296540900008; English.
3.
ArztEGorbSSpolenakR.From micro to nano contacts in biological attachment devices. P Natl Acad Sci USA. 16;100(19):10603–10606. PubMed PMID: WOS:000185415300008; English.
4.
SongJWChenCJZhuSZProcessing bulk natural wood into a high-performance structural material. Nature. 8;554(7691):224–228. PubMed PMID: WOS:000424332600036; English.
5.
CranfordSBuehlerMJ.Materiomics: biological protein materials, from nano to macro. Nanotechnol Sci Appl. 2010;3:127–148. PubMed PMID: 24198478.
BainoFFerrarisM.Learning from nature: using bioinspired approaches and natural materials to make porous bioceramics. Int J Appl Ceram Technol. 2017;14(4):507–520. PubMed PMID: WOS:000404887200002; English.
8.
ChenPYMcKittrickJMeyersMA.Biological materials: functional adaptations and bioinspired designs. Prog Mater Sci. Nov;57(8):1492–1704. PubMed PMID: WOS:000309330000003; English.
9.
BryksinAVBrownACBakshMMLearning from nature - Novel synthetic biology approaches for biomaterial design. Acta Biomater. Apr;10(4):1761–1769. PubMed PMID: WOS:000334137700026; English.
10.
EganPSinkoRLeDucPRThe role of mechanics in biological and bio-inspired systems. Nat Commun. 2015;6:1–12. PubMed PMID: WOS:000358850700001; English.
11.
AshbyMFGibsonLJWegstUThe mechanical properties of natural materials I. Material property charts. Proc R Soc Lond A Math Phys Sci. 1995;450(1938):123–140.
12.
SolarMIBuehlerMJ.Composite materials taking a leaf from nature's book. Nat Nanotechnol. Jul;7(7):417–419. PubMed PMID: WOS:000306112000005; English.
GautieriAVesentiniSRedaelliAHierarchical structure and nanomechanics of collagen microfibrils from the atomistic scale up. Nano Lett. Feb;11(2):757–766. PubMed PMID: WOS:000287049100076; English.
15.
ShouldersMDRainesRT.Collagen structure and stability. Annu Rev Biochem. 2009;78:929–958. PubMed PMID: WOS:000268069200033; English.
16.
TuerAEAkensMKKrouglovSHierarchical model of fibrillar collagen organization for interpreting the second-order susceptibility tensors in biological tissue. Biophys J. 21;103(10):2093–2105. PubMed PMID: WOS:000311419000008; English.
17.
JayathilakanKSultanaKRadhakrishnaKUtilization of byproducts and waste materials from meat, poultry and fish processing industries: a review. J Food Sci Tech Mys. Jun;49(3):278–293. PubMed PMID: WOS:000304465000003; English.
18.
MahroBTimmM.Potential of biowaste from the food industry as a biomass resource. Eng Life Sci. 2007;7(5):457–468. DOI:10.1002/elsc.200620206.
19.
BalatM.Use of biomass sources for energy in Turkey and a view to biomass potential. Biomass Bioenerg. 2005;29(1):32–41. PubMed PMID: WOS:000229667400004; English.
20.
DemirbasA.Combustion characteristics of different biomass fuels. Prog Energ Combust. 2004;30(2):219–230. PubMed PMID: WOS:000189093600003; English.
21.
AshokkumarMNarayananNTReddyALMTransforming collagen wastes into doped nanocarbons for sustainable energy applications. Green Chem. 2012;14(6):1689–1695. PubMed PMID: WOS:000304558500020; English.
22.
AnumaryAThanikaivelanPAshokkumarMSynthesis and characterization of hybrid biodegradable films from bovine hide collagen and cellulose derivatives for biomedical applications. Soft Mater. 2013;11(2):181–194. DOI:10.1080/1539445X.2012.617634.
23.
RaoJRThanikaivelanPSreeramKJGreen route for the utilization of chrome shavings (chromium-containing solid waste) in tanning industry. Environ Sci Technol. 2002;36(6):1372–1376. DOI:10.1021/es015635s.
24.
LeociR.Animals by-products (ABPs): origins, uses, and European regulations. Mantova: Universitas Studiorum; 2014. p. 1–192.
25.
AshokkumarMThanikaivelanPKrishnarajKTransforming chromium containing collagen wastes into flexible composite sheets using cellulose derivatives: structural, thermal, and mechanical investigations. Polym Composite. Jun;32(6):1009–1017. PubMed PMID: WOS:000290478600016; English.
26.
LasekanAAbu BakarFHashimD.Potential of chicken by-products as sources of useful biological resources. Waste Manage. Mar;33(3):552–565. PubMed PMID: WOS:000316515700009; English.
27.
MurphyCMHaughMGO'BrienFJ.The effect of mean pore size on cell attachment, proliferation and migration in collagen-glycosaminoglycan scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Biomaterials. Jan;31(3):461–466. PubMed PMID: WOS:000272739200010; English.
28.
O'BrienFJHarleyBAYannasIVThe effect of pore size on cell adhesion in collagen-GAG scaffolds. Biomaterials. Feb;26(4):433–441. PubMed PMID: WOS:000224135400009; English.
29.
LynnAKYannasIVBonfieldW.Antigenicity and immunogenicity of collagen. J Biomed Mater Res B. 15;71b(2):343–354. PubMed PMID: WOS:000224846700016; English.
30.
FriessW.Collagen - biomaterial for drug delivery. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. Mar;45(2):113–136. PubMed PMID: WOS:000076686000002; English.
31.
RaoKP.Recent developments of collagen-based materials for medical applications and drug delivery systems. J Biomat Sci-Polym E. 1995;7(7):623–645. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1995TL47900007; English.
32.
DoillonCJWhyneCFBrandweinSCollagen-based wound dressings – control of the pore structure and morphology. J Biomed Mater Res. Oct;20(8):1219–1228. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1986E129500010; English.
33.
SongEKimSYChunTCollagen scaffolds derived from a marine source and their biocompatibility. Biomaterials. May;27(15):2951–2961. PubMed PMID: WOS:000236434000006; English.
34.
PaulingLCoreyRB.The structure of fibrous proteins of the collagen-gelatin group. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1951;37(5):272–281. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1951XZ93000006; English.
35.
RichACrickFHC.The molecular structure of collagen. J Mol Biol. 1961;3(5):483–IN4. DOI:10.1016/S0022-2836(61)80016-8.
36.
RichACrickFHC.The structure of collagen. Nature. 1955;176:915–916. DOI:10.1038/176915a0.
37.
TraubWYonathASegalDM.On the molecular structure of collagen. Nature. 1969;221:914–917. DOI:10.1038/221914a0.
38.
RamachandranGNKarthaG.Structure of collagen. Nature. 1955;176:593–595.
39.
RamachandranGNKarthaG.Structure of collagen. Nature. 1954;174:269–270. DOI:10.1038/174269c0.
40.
BellaJEatonMBrodskyBCrystal and molecular structure of a collagen-like peptide at 1.9 A resolution. Science. 1994;266:75–81.
41.
BellaJBrodskyBBermanHM.Hydration structure of a collagen peptide. Structure. 1995;3(9):893–906. DOI:10.1016/S0969-2126(01)00224-6.
RestMGarroneR.Collagen family of proteins. FASEB J. 1991;5(13):2814–2823. DOI:10.1096/fasebj.5.13.1916105. PubMed PMID: 1916105.
44.
LakesR.Materials with structural hierarchy. Nature. 1993;361:511–515. DOI:10.1038/361511a0.
45.
RhoJ-YKuhn-SpearingLZiouposP.Mechanical properties and the hierarchical structure of bone. Med Eng Phys. 1998;20(2):92–102. DOI:10.1016/S1350-4533(98)00007-1.
46.
SeemanEDelmasPD.Bone quality — the material and structural basis of bone strength and fragility. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(21):2250–2261. DOI:10.1056/NEJMra053077. PubMed PMID: 16723616.
47.
Abou NeelEABozecLKnowlesJCCollagen – emerging collagen based therapies hit the patient. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2013;65(4):429–456. DOI:10.1016/j.addr.2012.08.010.
48.
VesentiniSRedaelliAGautieriA.Nanomechanics of collagen microfibrils. Muscles Ligaments Tendons J. 2013;3(1):23–34. DOI:10.32098/mltj.01.2013.05. PubMed PMID: 23885342.
BrodskyBPersikovAV.Molecular structure of the collagen triple helix. Adv Protein Chem. 2005;70:301–339. Academic Press.
51.
GautieriABuehlerMJRedaelliA.Deformation rate controls elasticity and unfolding pathway of single tropocollagen molecules. J Mech Behav Biomed. 2009;2(2):130–137. DOI:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2008.03.001.
52.
GentlemanELayANDickersonDAMechanical characterization of collagen fibers and scaffolds for tissue engineering. Biomaterials. 2003;24(21):3805–3813. DOI:10.1016/S0142-9612(03)00206-0.
53.
FratzlPMisofKZizakIFibrillar structure and mechanical properties of collagen. J Struct Biol. 1998;122(1):119–122. DOI:10.1006/jsbi.1998.3966.
54.
SasakiNOdajimaS.Elongation mechanism of collagen fibrils and force-strain relations of tendon at each level of structural hierarchy. J Biomech. 1996;29(9):1131–1136. DOI:10.1016/0021-9290(96)00024-3.
55.
WeinerSAddadiLWagnerHD.Materials design in biology. Mat Sci Eng C. 2000;11(1):1–8. DOI:10.1016/S0928-4931(00)00141-7.
ImprotaRBenziCBaroneV.Understanding the role of stereoelectronic effects in determining collagen stability. 1. A quantum mechanical study of proline, hydroxyproline, and fluoroproline dipeptide analogues in aqueous solution. J Am Chem Soc. 2001;123(50):12568–12577. DOI:10.1021/ja010599i.
60.
BuehlerMJ.Nature designs tough collagen: explaining the nanostructure of collagen fibrils. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006;103:12285–12290.
61.
BellaJBermanHM.Crystallographic evidence for Cα–H···O = C hydrogen bonds in a collagen triple helix. J Mol Biol. 1996;264(4):734–742. DOI:10.1006/jmbi.1996.0673.
62.
VenugopalMGRamshawJAMBraswellEElectrostatic interactions in collagen-like triple-helical peptides. Biochemistry. 1994;33(25):7948–7956. DOI:10.1021/bi00191a023.
63.
LeikinSRauDCParsegianVA.Temperature-favoured assembly of collagen is driven by hydrophilic not hydrophobic interactions. Nat Struct Biol. 1995;2:205–210. DOI:10.1038/nsb0395-205.
BaileyAJRobinsSPBalianG.Biological significance of the intermolecular crosslinks of collagen. Nature. 1974;251:105–109. DOI:10.1038/251105a0.
66.
TanzerML.Cross-linking of collagen. Science. 1973;180:561–566.
67.
SionkowskaAWisniewskiMSkopinskaJMolecular interactions in collagen and chitosan blends. Biomaterials. 2004;25(5):795–801. DOI:10.1016/S0142-9612(03)00595-7.
68.
BowesJHCaterCW.The interaction of aldehydes with collagen. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Protein Structure. 1968;168(2):341–352. DOI:10.1016/0005-2795(68)90156-6.
69.
WeadockKOlsonRMSilverFH.Evaluation of collagen crosslinking techniques. Biomater Med Devices Artif Organs. 1983;11(4):293–318. DOI:10.3109/10731198309118815.
70.
ReddyNReddyRJiangQ.Crosslinking biopolymers for biomedical applications. Trends Biotechnol. 2015;33(6):362–369. DOI:10.1016/j.tibtech.2015.03.008.
71.
CastanedaLValleJYangNCollagen cross-linking with Au nanoparticles. Biomacromolecules. 2008;9(12):3383–3388. DOI:10.1021/bm800793z.
72.
GrantSASpradlingCSGrantDNAssessment of the biocompatibility and stability of a gold nanoparticle collagen bioscaffold. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2014;102(2):332–339. DOI:10.1002/jbm.a.34698.
73.
NagaiTSuzukiN.Isolation of collagen from fish waste material – skin, bone and fins. Food Chem. 2000;68(3):277–281. DOI:10.1016/S0308-8146(99)00188-0.
74.
SadowskaMKołodziejskaINiecikowskaC.Isolation of collagen from the skins of Baltic cod (Gadus morhua). Food Chem. 2003;81(2):257–262. DOI:10.1016/S0308-8146(02)00420-X.
75.
RussWMeyer-PittroffR.Utilizing waste products from the food production and processing industries. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2004;44(1):57–62. DOI:10.1080/10408690490263783.
76.
RajanNHabermehlJCotéM-FPreparation of ready-to-use, storable and reconstituted type I collagen from rat tail tendon for tissue engineering applications. Nat Protoc. 2007;1:2753–2758. DOI:10.1038/nprot.2006.430.
77.
MorimuraSNagataHUemuraYDevelopment of an effective process for utilization of collagen from livestock and fish waste. Process Biochem. 2002;37(12):1403–1412. DOI:10.1016/S0032-9592(02)00024-9.
78.
KimuraSOmuraYIshidaMMolecular characterization of fibrillar collagen from the body wall of starfish Asterias amurensis. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry. 1993;104(4):663–668. DOI:10.1016/0305-0491(93)90194-A.
79.
NagaiTArakiYSuzukiN.Collagen of the skin of ocellate puffer fish (Takifugu rubripes). Food Chem. 2002;78(2):173–177. DOI:10.1016/S0308-8146(01)00396-X.
80.
IkomaTKobayashiHTanakaJPhysical properties of type I collagen extracted from fish scales of Pagrus major and Oreochromis niloticas. Int J Biol Macromol. 2003;32(3):199–204. DOI:10.1016/S0141-8130(03)00054-0.
81.
SwatschekDSchattonWKellermannJMarine sponge collagen: isolation, characterization and effects on the skin parameters surface-pH, moisture and sebum. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2002;53(1):107–113. DOI:10.1016/S0939-6411(01)00192-8.
82.
FerrarioCLeggioLLeoneRMarine-derived collagen biomaterials from echinoderm connective tissues. Mar Environ Res. 2017;128:46–57. DOI:10.1016/j.marenvres.2016.03.007.
83.
HeinemannSEhrlichHDouglasTUltrastructural studies on the collagen of the Marine sponge Chondrosia reniformis Nardo. Biomacromolecules. 2007;8(11):3452–3457. DOI:10.1021/bm700574y.
84.
SilvaTMoreira-SilvaJMarquesAMarine origin collagens and Its potential applications. Mar Drugs. 2014;12(12):5881, DOI:10.3390/md12125881. PubMed PMID.
85.
NagaiTWorawattanamateekulWSuzukiNIsolation and characterization of collagen from rhizostomous jellyfish (Rhopilema asamushi). Food Chem. 2000;70(2):205–208. DOI:10.1016/S0308-8146(00)00081-9.
86.
NagaiTYamashitaETaniguchiKIsolation and characterisation of collagen from the outer skin waste material of cuttlefish (Sepia lycidas). Food Chem. 2001;72(4):425–429. DOI:10.1016/S0308-8146(00)00249-1.
87.
DingJ-FLiY-YXuJ-JStudy on effect of jellyfish collagen hydrolysate on anti-fatigue and anti-oxidation. Food Hydrocoll. 2011;25(5):1350–1353. DOI:10.1016/j.foodhyd.2010.12.013.
88.
AshokkumarMThanikaivelanPMuraliRPreparation and characterization of composite sheets from collagenous and chromium–collagen complex wastes using polyvinylpyrrolidone: two problems, one solution. Waste Biomass Valorization. 2010;1(3):347–355. DOI:10.1007/s12649-010-9030-x.
89.
AmsaveniMAnumaryAAshokkumarMGreen synthesis and characterization of hybrid collagen–cellulose–albumin biofibers from skin waste. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2013;171(6):1500–1512. DOI:10.1007/s12010-013-0445-2.
90.
SilverFHFreemanJWSeehraGP.Collagen self-assembly and the development of tendon mechanical properties. J Biomech. 2003;36(10):1529–1553. DOI:10.1016/S0021-9290(03)00135-0.
91.
ChristiansenDLHuangEKSilverFH.Assembly of type I collagen: fusion of fibril subunits and the influence of fibril diameter on mechanical properties. Matrix Biol. 2000;19(5):409–420. DOI:10.1016/S0945-053X(00)00089-5.
92.
Damink LHHODijkstraPJVan LuynMJACrosslinking of dermal sheep collagen using hexamethylene diisocyanate. J Mater Sci: Mater Med. 1995;6(7):429–434. DOI:10.1007/BF00120286.
93.
Damink LHHODijkstraPJvan LuynMJACross-linking of dermal sheep collagen using a water-soluble carbodiimide. Biomaterials. 1996;17(8):765–773. DOI:10.1016/0142-9612(96)81413-X.
94.
ZeemanRDijkstraPJvan WachemPBSuccessive epoxy and carbodiimide cross-linking of dermal sheep collagen. Biomaterials. 1999;20(10):921–931. DOI:10.1016/S0142-9612(98)00242-7.
95.
RaultIFreiVHerbageDEvaluation of different chemical methods for cros-linking collagen gel, films and sponges. J Mater Sci: Mater Med. 1996;7(4):215–221. DOI:10.1007/BF00119733.
96.
HanBJaurequiJTangBWProanthocyanidin: a natural crosslinking reagent for stabilizing collagen matrices. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2003;65A(1):118–124. DOI:10.1002/jbm.a.10460.
Nishad FathimaNBalaramanMRaghava RaoJEffect of zirconium(IV) complexes on the thermal and enzymatic stability of type I collagen. J Inorg Biochem. 2003;95(1):47–54. DOI:10.1016/S0162-0134(03)00071-0.
99.
LiaoX-pShiB.Adsorption of fluoride on zirconium(IV)-impregnated collagen fiber. Environ Sci Technol. 2005;39(12):4628–4632. DOI:10.1021/es0479944.
100.
DengDTangRLiaoXUsing collagen fiber as a template to synthesize hierarchical mesoporous alumina fiber. Langmuir. 2008;24(2):368–370. DOI:10.1021/la702831m.
101.
GuoJWangXLiaoXSkin collagen fiber-biotemplated synthesis of size-tunable silver nanoparticle-embedded hierarchical intertextures with lightweight and highly efficient microwave absorption properties. J Phys Chem C. 2012;116(14):8188–8195. DOI:10.1021/jp300048e.
102.
OrzaASoritauOOlenicLElectrically conductive gold-coated collagen nanofibers for placental-derived mesenchymal stem cells enhanced differentiation and proliferation. Acs Nano. 2011;5(6):4490–4503. DOI:10.1021/nn1035312.
103.
LiuXTangRHeQFe(III)-immobilized collagen fiber: a renewable heterogeneous catalyst for the photoassisted decomposition of orange II. Ind Eng Chem Res. 2009;48(3):1458–1463. DOI:10.1021/ie801330m.
104.
MertensMEHermannABührenAIron oxide-labeled collagen scaffolds for non-invasive MR imaging in tissue engineering. Adv Funct Mater. 2014;24(6):754–762. DOI:10.1002/adfm.201301275.
105.
JinRLinBLiDSuperparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for MR imaging and therapy: design considerations and clinical applications. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2014;18:18–27. DOI:10.1016/j.coph.2014.08.002.
106.
SakakibaraSInouyeKShudoKSynthesis of (Pro-Hyp-Gly)n of defined molecular weights evidence for the stabilization of collagen triple helix by hydroxypyroline. Biochim Biophys Acta (BBA) – Protein Struct. 1973;303(1):198–202. DOI:10.1016/0005-2795(73)90164-5.
107.
KramerRZVenugopalMGBellaJStaggered molecular packing in crystals of a collagen-like peptide with a single charged pair. J Mol Biol. 2000;301(5):1191–1205. DOI:10.1006/jmbi.2000.4017.
108.
Gauza-WłodarczykMKubiszLMielcarekSComparison of thermal properties of fish collagen and bovine collagen in the temperature range 298–670 K. Mater Sci Eng C. 2017;80:468–471. DOI:10.1016/j.msec.2017.06.012.
109.
MilesCAGhelashviliM.Polymer-in-a-box mechanism for the thermal stabilization of collagen molecules in fibers. Biophys J. 1999;76(6):3243–3252. DOI:10.1016/S0006-3495(99)77476-X.
110.
MilesCABurjanadzeTV.Thermal stability of collagen fibers in ethylene glycol. Biophys J. 2001;80(3):1480–1486. DOI:10.1016/S0006-3495(01)76120-6.
111.
SreeramKJRamasamiT.Sustaining tanning process through conservation, recovery and better utilization of chromium. Resour Conserv Recycl. 2003;38(3):185–212. DOI:10.1016/S0921-3449(02)00151-9.
MitraTMannaPJRajaSTKCurcumin loaded nano graphene oxide reinforced fish scale collagen – a 3D scaffold biomaterial for wound healing applications. RSC Adv. 2015;5(119):98653–98665. DOI:10.1039/C5RA15726A.
115.
ChanEPGreinerCArztEDesigning model systems for enhanced adhesion. MRS Bull. 2007;32(6):496–503. DOI:10.1557/mrs2007.84.
116.
SethiSGeLCiLGecko-Inspired carbon nanotube-based self-cleaning adhesives. Nano Lett. 2008;8(3):822–825. DOI:10.1021/nl0727765.
117.
JinKTianYEricksonJSDesign and fabrication of gecko-inspired adhesives. Langmuir. 2012;28(13):5737–5742. DOI:10.1021/la204040p.
118.
SunTFengLGaoXBioinspired surfaces with special wettability. Acc Chem Res. 2005;38(8):644–652. DOI:10.1021/ar040224c.
119.
StellaJAD’AmoreAWagnerWROn the biomechanical function of scaffolds for engineering load-bearing soft tissues. Acta Biomater. 2010;6(7):2365–2381. DOI:10.1016/j.actbio.2010.01.001.
120.
CheungH-YLauK-TLuT-PA critical review on polymer-based bio-engineered materials for scaffold development. Compos Part B Eng. 2007;38(3):291–300. DOI:10.1016/j.compositesb.2006.06.014.
121.
StevensMM.Biomaterials for bone tissue engineering. Mater Today. 2008;11(5):18–25. DOI:10.1016/S1369-7021(08)70086-5.
122.
BadylakSF.The extracellular matrix as a biologic scaffold material. Biomaterials. 2007;28(25):3587–3593. DOI:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.04.043.
123.
MaLGaoCMaoZCollagen/chitosan porous scaffolds with improved biostability for skin tissue engineering. Biomaterials. 2003;24(26):4833–4841. DOI:10.1016/S0142-9612(03)00374-0.
124.
DagalakisNFlinkJStasikelisPDesign of an artificial skin. Part III. Control of pore structure. J Biomed Mater Res. 1980;14(4):511–528. DOI:10.1002/jbm.820140417.
125.
FreymanTMYannasIVGibsonLJ.Cellular materials as porous scaffolds for tissue engineering. Prog Mater Sci. 2001;46(3):273–282. DOI:10.1016/S0079-6425(00)00018-9.
126.
RadhikaMBabuMSehgalPK.Cellular proliferation on desamidated collagen matrices. Comp Biochem Physiol Part C harm Toxicol Endocrinol. 1999;124(2):131–139.
127.
ZhangQLuHKawazoeNPore size effect of collagen scaffolds on cartilage regeneration. Acta Biomater. 2014;10(5):2005–2013. DOI:10.1016/j.actbio.2013.12.042.
128.
FarajKAvan KuppeveltTHDaamenWF.Construction of collagen scaffolds that mimic the three-dimensional architecture of specific tissues. Tissue Eng. 2007;13(10):2387–2394. DOI:10.1089/ten.2006.0320.
129.
NehrerSBreinanHARamappaAMatrix collagen type and pore size influence behaviour of seeded canine chondrocytes. Biomaterials. 1997;18(11):769–776. DOI:10.1016/S0142-9612(97)00001-X.
130.
SissonKZhangCFarach-CarsonMCEvaluation of cross-linking methods for Electrospun gelatin on cell growth and Viability. Biomacromolecules. 2009;10(7):1675–1680. DOI:10.1021/bm900036s.
131.
DavidenkoNSchusterCFBaxDVControl of crosslinking for tailoring collagen-based scaffolds stability and mechanics. Acta Biomater. 2015;25:131–142. DOI:10.1016/j.actbio.2015.07.034.
132.
GorczycaGTylingoRSzwedaPPreparation and characterization of genipin cross-linked porous chitosan–collagen–gelatin scaffolds using chitosan–CO2 solution. Carbohydr Polym. 2014;102:901–911. DOI:10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.10.060.
133.
MekonnenBTRagothamanMKalirajanCConducting collagen-polypyrrole hybrid aerogels made from animal skin waste. RSC Adv. 2016;6(67):63071–63077. DOI:10.1039/C6RA08876G.
134.
YanTChengFWeiXBiodegradable collagen sponge reinforced with chitosan/calcium pyrophosphate nanoflowers for rapid hemostasis. Carbohydr Polym. 2017;170:271–280. DOI:10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.04.080.
135.
OffedduGSAshworthJCCameronREStructural determinants of hydration, mechanics and fluid flow in freeze-dried collagen scaffolds. Acta Biomater. 2016;41:193–203. DOI:10.1016/j.actbio.2016.05.024.
136.
PawelecKMHusmannABestSMIce-templated structures for biomedical tissue repair: from physics to final scaffolds. Appl Phys Rev. 2014;1(2):021301. DOI:10.1063/1.4871083.
137.
PawelecKMHusmannABestSMA design protocol for tailoring ice-templated scaffold structure. J R Soc Interface. 2014;11(92):20130958. DOI:10.1098/rsif.2013.0958.
138.
PrasadASankarMRKatiyarV.State of Art on solvent casting particulate leaching method for orthopedic scaffolds fabrication. Mater Today. 2017;4(2, Part A):898–907. DOI:10.1016/j.matpr.2017.01.101.
139.
SachlosEReisNAinsleyCNovel collagen scaffolds with predefined internal morphology made by solid freeform fabrication. Biomaterials. 2003;24(8):1487–1497. DOI:10.1016/S0142-9612(02)00528-8.
140.
AhnSKimYLeeHA new hybrid scaffold consthructed of solid freeform-fabricated PCL struts and collagen struts for bone tissue regeneration: fabrication, mechanical properties, and cellular activity. J Mater Chem. 2012;22(31):15901–15909. DOI:10.1039/c2jm33310d.
141.
MatthewsJAWnekGESimpsonDGElectrospinning of collagen nanofibers. Biomacromolecules. 2002;3(2):232–238. DOI:10.1021/bm015533u.
142.
BarbettaACarrinoACostantiniMPolysaccharide based scaffolds obtained by freezing the external phase of gas-in-liquid foams. Soft Matter. 2010;6(20):5213–5224. DOI:10.1039/c0sm00616e.
NamYSYoonJJParkTG.A novel fabrication method of macroporous biodegradable polymer scaffolds using gas foaming salt as a porogen additive. J Biomed Mater Res. 2000;53(1):1–7. DOI:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(2000)53:1<1::AID-JBM1>3.0.CO;2-R.
145.
TengXRenJGuS.Preparation and characterization of porous PDLLA/HA composite foams by supercritical carbon dioxide technology. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomat. 2007;81B(1):185–193. DOI:10.1002/jbm.b.30652.
146.
NoceraADComínRSalvatierraNADevelopment of 3D printed fibrillar collagen scaffold for tissue engineering. Biomed Microdevices. 2018;20(2):26. DOI:10.1007/s10544-018-0270-z.
147.
KooYChoiE-JLeeJ3D printed cell-laden collagen and hybrid scaffolds for in vivo articular cartilage tissue regeneration. J Ind Eng Chem. 2018;66:343–355. DOI:10.1016/j.jiec.2018.05.049.
148.
KimYBLeeHKimGH.Strategy to achieve highly porous/biocompatible macroscale cell blocks, using a collagen/genipin-bioink and an optimal 3D printing process. Acs Appl Mater Inter. 2016;8(47):32230–32240. DOI:10.1021/acsami.6b11669.
149.
AnnabiNNicholJWZhongXControlling the porosity and microarchitecture of hydrogels for tissue engineering. Tissue Eng B Rev. 2010;16(4):371–383. DOI:10.1089/ten.teb.2009.0639.
150.
MaLJiangWLiW.Solvent-Free fabrication of tissue engineering scaffolds with immiscible polymer blends. Int J Polym Mater Polym Biomater. 2014;63(10):510–517. DOI:10.1080/00914037.2013.854222.
151.
SeungHyunAYoung HoKGeunHyungK.A three-dimensional hierarchical collagen scaffold fabricated by a combined solid freeform fabrication (SFF) and electrospinning process to enhance mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) proliferation. J Micromech Microeng. 2010;20(6):065015.
152.
HeinemannSCoradinTDesimoneMF.Bio-inspired silica–collagen materials: applications and perspectives in the medical field. Biomater Sci. 2013;1(7):688–702. DOI:10.1039/c3bm00014a.
153.
PawelecKMBestSMCameronRE.Collagen: a network for regenerative medicine. J Mater Chem B. 2016;4(40):6484–6496. DOI:10.1039/C6TB00807K.
154.
GroverCNFarndaleRWBestSMThe interplay between physical and chemical properties of protein films affects their bioactivity. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2012;100A(9):2401–2411.
155.
ShepherdDVShepherdJHGhoseSThe process of EDC-NHS cross-linking of reconstituted collagen fibres increases collagen fibrillar order and alignment. APL Mater. 2014;3(1):014902. DOI:10.1063/1.4900887.
ReyCMiquelJLFacchiniLHydroxyl groups in bone mineral. Bone. 1995;16(5):583–586. DOI:10.1016/8756-3282(95)00101-I.
158.
SionkowskaAKozłowskaJ.Properties and modification of porous 3-D collagen/hydroxyapatite composites. Int J Biol Macromol. 2013;52:250–259. DOI:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.10.002.
159.
KangSParkJBLeeT-JCovalent conjugation of mechanically stiff graphene oxide flakes to three-dimensional collagen scaffolds for osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. Carbon N Y. 2015;83:162–172. DOI:10.1016/j.carbon.2014.11.029.
160.
GirãoAFGonçalvesGBhangraKSElectrostatic self-assembled graphene oxide-collagen scaffolds towards a three-dimensional microenvironment for biomimetic applications10.1039/C6RA10213A]. RSC Adv. 2016;6(54):49039–49051. DOI:10.1039/C6RA10213A.
161.
GuoWWangSYuXConstruction of a 3D rGO–collagen hybrid scaffold for enhancement of the neural differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Nanoscale. 2016;8(4):1897–1904. DOI:10.1039/C5NR06602F.
162.
ZhouCLiuSLiJCollagen functionalized with graphene oxide enhanced biomimetic mineralization and in situ bone defect repair. Acs Appl Mater Inter. 2018;10(50):44080–44091. DOI:10.1021/acsami.8b17636.
163.
LiuSMouSZhouCOff-the-shelf biomimetic graphene oxide–collagen hybrid scaffolds wrapped with osteoinductive extracellular matrix for the repair of cranial defects in rats. Acs Appl Mater Inter. 2018;10(49):42948–42958. DOI:10.1021/acsami.8b11071.
164.
KolanthaiESinduPAKhajuriaDKGraphene oxide—a tool for the preparation of chemically crosslinking free alginate–chitosan–collagen scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Acs Appl Mater Inter. 2018;10(15):12441–12452. DOI:10.1021/acsami.8b00699.
165.
KanayamaIMiyajiHTakitaHComparative study of bioactivity of collagen scaffolds coated with graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide. Int J Nanomedicine. 2014;9:3363–3373. PubMed PMID: 25050063.
166.
NorahanMHAmroonMGhahremanzadehRElectroactive graphene oxide-incorporated collagen assisting vascularization for cardiac tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2019;107(1):204–219. DOI:10.1002/jbm.a.36555.
LiuGHaiqiGLiKFabrication of silver nanoparticle sponge leather with durable antibacterial property. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2018;514:338–348. DOI:10.1016/j.jcis.2017.09.049.
169.
VedhanayagamMUnni NairBSreeramKJ.Collagen-ZnO scaffolds for wound healing applications: role of dendrimer functionalization and nanoparticle morphology. ACS Applied Bio Materials. 2018;1(6):1942–1958. DOI:10.1021/acsabm.8b00491.
170.
ZongSCaoYZhouYZirconia nanoparticles enhanced grafted collagen Tri-helix scaffold for unmediated biosensing of hydrogen peroxide. Langmuir. 2006;22(21):8915–8919. DOI:10.1021/la060930h.
171.
ChakoliANHeJMHuangYD.Collagen/aminated MWCNTs nanocomposites for biomedical applications. Mater Today Commun. 2018;15:128–133. DOI:10.1016/j.mtcomm.2018.03.003.
172.
MacDonaldRALaurenziBFViswanathanGCollagen–carbon nanotube composite materials as scaffolds in tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2005;74A(3):489–496. DOI:10.1002/jbm.a.30386.
173.
CaoYZhouYMShanYPreparation and characterization of grafted collagen-multiwalled carbon nanotubes composites. J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2007;7(2):447–451. DOI:10.1166/jnn.2007.137.
174.
AshokkumarMCristian ChiparaATharangattu NarayananNThree-dimensional porous sponges from collagen biowastes. Acs Appl Mater Inter. 2016;8(23):14836–14844. DOI:10.1021/acsami.6b04582.
175.
TampieriAIafiscoMSandriMMagnetic bioinspired hybrid nanostructured collagen–hydroxyapatite scaffolds Supporting cell proliferation and tuning regenerative process. Acs Appl Mater Inter. 2014;6(18):15697–15707. DOI:10.1021/am5050967.
176.
AllirajaCRaoJRThanikaivelanP.Magnetic collagen fibers stabilized using functional iron oxide nanoparticles in non-aqueous medium. RSC Adv. 2015;5(27):20939–20944. DOI:10.1039/C4RA16181E.
177.
SrivatsanKVLakraRPurna SaiKEffect of bimetallic iron:zinc nanoparticles on collagen stabilization. J Mater Chem B. 2016;4(8):1437–1447. DOI:10.1039/C5TB02047F.
178.
De PaoliVMDe Paoli LacerdaSHSpinuLEffect of an oscillating magnetic field on the release properties of magnetic collagen gels. Langmuir. 2006;22(13):5894–5899. DOI:10.1021/la060280h.
179.
LeeJKimG.Three-dimensional hierarchical Nanofibrous collagen scaffold fabricated using fibrillated collagen and Pluronic F-127 for regenerating bone tissue. Acs Appl Mater Inter. 2018;10(42):35801–35811. DOI:10.1021/acsami.8b14088.
180.
SamalSKGoranovVDashMMultilayered magnetic gelatin membrane scaffolds. Acs Appl Mater Inter. 2015;7(41):23098–23109. DOI:10.1021/acsami.5b06813.
181.
LeeCHSinglaALeeY.Biomedical applications of collagen. Int J Pharm. 2001;221(1):1–22.
182.
CavallaroJFKempPDKrausKH.Collagen fabrics as biomaterials. Biotechnol Bioeng. 1994;43(8):781–791. DOI:10.1002/bit.260430813.
ZeugolisDIPaulRGAttenburrowG.Post-self-assembly experimentation on extruded collagen fibres for tissue engineering applications. Acta Biomater. 2008;4(6):1646–1656. DOI:10.1016/j.actbio.2008.05.015.
185.
ZeugolisDIPaulGRAttenburrowG.Cross-linking of extruded collagen fibers – a biomimetic three-dimensional scaffold for tissue engineering applications. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2009;89A(4):895–908. DOI:10.1002/jbm.a.32031.
186.
ZeugolisDIPaulRGAttenburrowG.Extruded collagen-polyethylene glycol fibers for tissue engineering applications. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2008;85B(2):343–352. DOI:10.1002/jbm.b.30952.
187.
DunnMGAvasaralaPNZawadskyJP.Optimization of extruded collagen fibers for ACL reconstruction. J Biomed Mater Res. 1993;27(12):1545–1552. DOI:10.1002/jbm.820271211.
188.
TronciGKanupartiRSArafatMTWet-spinnability and crosslinked fibre properties of two collagen polypeptides with varied molecular weight. Int J Biol Macromol. 2015;81:112–120. DOI:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.07.053.
189.
RajiniKHUshaRArumugamVFracture behaviour of cross-linked collagen fibres. J Mater Sci. 2001;36(23):5589–5592. DOI:10.1023/A:1012509514714.
190.
Ming-CheWPinsGDSilverFH.Collagen fibres with improved strength for the repair of soft tissue injuries. Biomaterials. 1994;15(7):507–512. DOI:10.1016/0142-9612(94)90016-7.
191.
PinsGDSilverFH.A self-assembled collagen scaffold suitable for use in soft and hard tissue replacement. Mat Sci Eng C. 1995;3(2):101–107. DOI:10.1016/0928-4931(95)00109-3.
192.
LaudeDOdlumKRudnickiSA novel injectable collagen matrix: in vitro characterization and in vivo evaluation. J Biomech Eng. 2000;122(3):231–235. DOI:10.1115/1.429653.
193.
SilverFHChristiansenDLSnowhillPBTransition from viscous to elastic-based dependency of mechanical properties of self-assembled type I collagen fibers. J Appl Polym Sci. 2001;79(1):134–142. <134::AID-APP160>3.0.CO;2-E.
194.
SilverFHChristiansenDLSnowhillPBRole of storage on changes in the mechanical properties of tendon and self-assembled collagen fibers. Connect Tissue Res. 2000;41(2):155–164. DOI:10.3109/03008200009067667.
195.
MeyerMBaltzerHSchwikalK.Collagen fibres by thermoplastic and wet spinning. Materials Science and Engineering: C. 2010;30(8):1266–1271. DOI:10.1016/j.msec.2010.07.005.
196.
StoesselPRGrassRNSánchez-FerrerAPorous fibers: spinning Angora Rabbit wool-like porous fibers from a non-equilibrated gelatin/water/2-propanol mixture. Adv Funct Mater. 2014;24(13):1813–1813. DOI:10.1002/adfm.201470080.
197.
StoesselPRRasoRAKaufmannTFibers mechanically similar to sheep wool obtained by wet spinning of gelatin and optional plasticizers. Macromol Mater Eng. 2015;300(2):234–241. DOI:10.1002/mame.201400240.
198.
StoesselPRKrebsUHufenusRPorous, water-Resistant multifilament yarn spun from gelatin. Biomacromolecules. 2015;16(7):1997–2005. DOI:10.1021/acs.biomac.5b00424.
199.
ChaochaiTImaiYFuruikeTPreparation and properties of gelatin fibers fabricated by dry spinning. Fibers. 2016;4(1):1–11.
200.
YounesiMIslamAKishoreVTenogenic induction of human MSCs by anisotropically aligned collagen biotextiles. Adv Funct Mater. 2014;24(36):5762–5770. DOI:10.1002/adfm.201400828.
201.
ChengXGurkanUADehenCJAn electrochemical fabrication process for the assembly of anisotropically oriented collagen bundles. Biomaterials. 2008;29(22):3278–3288. DOI:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.04.028.
202.
MousaYAnowarulIVipuilKFabrication of compositionally and topographically complex robust tissue forms by 3D-electrochemical compaction of collagen. Biofabrication. 2015;7(3):035001.
203.
KishoreVUquillasJADubikovskyAIn vivo response to electrochemically aligned collagen bioscaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2012;100B(2):400–408. DOI:10.1002/jbm.b.31962.
204.
UquillasJAAkkusO.Modeling the electromobility of type-I collagen molecules in the electrochemical fabrication of dense and aligned tissue constructs. Ann Biomed Eng. 2012;40(8):1641–1653. DOI:10.1007/s10439-012-0528-1.
205.
TylingoRGorczycaGManiaSPreparation and characterization of porous scaffolds from chitosan-collagen-gelatin composite. React Funct Polym. 2016;103:131–140. DOI:10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2016.04.008.
206.
Uriarte-MontoyaMHArias-MoscosoJLPlascencia-JatomeaMJumbo squid (Dosidicus gigas) mantle collagen: extraction, characterization, and potential application in the preparation of chitosan–collagen biofilms. Bioresour Technol. 2010;101(11):4212–4219. DOI:10.1016/j.biortech.2010.01.008.
207.
RamasamyPShanmugamA.Characterization and wound healing property of collagen–chitosan film from Sepia kobiensis (Hoyle, 1885). Int J Biol Macromol. 2015;74:93–102. DOI:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.11.034.
208.
SionkowskaA.Current research on the blends of natural and synthetic polymers as new biomaterials: review. Prog Polym Sci. 2011;36(9):1254–1276. DOI:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2011.05.003.
209.
SionkowskaAKaczmarekBLewandowskaK3D composites based on the blends of chitosan and collagen with the addition of hyaluronic acid. Int J Biol Macromol. 2016;89:442–448. DOI:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.04.085.
210.
SionkowskaAKaczmarekBTrokowskaPProperties and characterization of chitosan/collagen/PMMA composites containing hydroxyapatite. Key Eng Mater. 2016;672:247–256. DOI:10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.672.247.
211.
Arias-MoscosoJLSoto-ValdezHPlascencia-JatomeaMComposites of chitosan with acid-soluble collagen from jumbo squid (Dosidicus gigas) by-products. Polym Int. 2011;60(6):924–931. DOI:10.1002/pi.3048.
212.
MuraliRAnumaryAAshokkumarMHybrid biodegradable films from collagenous wastes and natural polymers for biomedical applications. Waste Biomass Valorization. 2011;2(3):323–335. DOI:10.1007/s12649-011-9072-8.
213.
RodriguesAPHde SouzaSDGilCSBBiobased nanocomposites based on collagen, cellulose nanocrystals, and plasticizers. J Appl Polym Sci. 2017;134(25):1–9.
214.
RodriguesAPHPereiraIMde SouzaSDControl of properties of nanocomposites bio-based collagen and cellulose nanocrystals. Cellulose. 2017;24(4):1731–1744. DOI:10.1007/s10570-017-1218-9.
215.
SartiBScandolaM.Viscoelastic and thermal properties of collagen/poly(vinyl alcohol) blends. Biomaterials. 1995;16(10):785–792. DOI:10.1016/0142-9612(95)99641-X.
216.
SilvaCCThomaziniDPinheiroAGCollagen–hydroxyapatite films: piezoelectric properties. Mater Sci Eng B. 2001;86(3):210–218. DOI:10.1016/S0921-5107(01)00674-2.
217.
ZhangLChenYRodriguezJBiomimetic helical rosette nanotubes and nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite coatings on titanium for improving orthopedic implants. Int J Nanomedicine. 2008;3(3):323–333. PubMed PMID: 18990941.
218.
ElangoJBuYBinBEffect of chemical and biological cross-linkers on mechanical and functional properties of shark catfish skin collagen films. Food Biosci. 2017;17:42–51. DOI:10.1016/j.fbio.2016.12.002.
219.
VeerurajALiuLZhengJEvaluation of astaxanthin incorporated collagen film developed from the outer skin waste of squid Doryteuthis singhalensis for wound healing and tissue regenerative applications. Mater Sci Eng C. 2019;95:29–42. DOI:10.1016/j.msec.2018.10.055.
220.
HarounAABehereiHHEl-GhaffarMAA.Preparation, characterization, and in vitro application of composite films based on gelatin and collagen from natural resources. J Appl Polym Sci. 2010;116(4):2083–2094.
221.
GiustiPLazzeriLDe PetrisSCollagen-based new bioartificial polymeric materials. Biomaterials. 1994;15(15):1229–1233. DOI:10.1016/0142-9612(94)90274-7.
222.
SionkowskaA.Interaction of collagen and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) in blends. Eur Polym J. 2003;39(11):2135–2140. DOI:10.1016/S0014-3057(03)00161-7.
223.
SionkowskaAWisniewskiMSkopinskaJThe photochemical stability of collagen–chitosan blends. J Photochem Photobiol A. 2004;162(2):545–554. DOI:10.1016/S1010-6030(03)00397-6.
224.
DeepachitraRRamnathVSastryTP.Graphene oxide incorporated collagen–fibrin biofilm as a wound dressing material. RSC Adv. 2014;4(107):62717–62727. DOI:10.1039/C4RA10150B.
225.
MorenoSBaniasadiMMohammedSBiocompatible collagen films as substrates for flexible implantable electronics. Adv Electron Mater. 2015;1(9):1500154. DOI:10.1002/aelm.201500154.
226.
MeiyazhaganAThangavelSDaniel PHElectrically conducting nanobiocomposites using carbon nanotubes and collagen waste fibers. Mater Chem Phys. 2015;157:8–15. DOI:10.1016/j.matchemphys.2015.03.005.
227.
BhattacharyyaSSalvetatJ-PSaboungiM-L.Reinforcement of semicrystalline polymers with collagen-modified single walled carbon nanotubes. Appl Phys Lett. 2006;88(23):233119. DOI:10.1063/1.2209187.
228.
HomenickCMSheardownHAdronovA.Reinforcement of collagen with covalently-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotube crosslinkers. J Mater Chem. 2010;20(14):2887–2894. DOI:10.1039/b925799c.
229.
Raeis-HosseiniNParkYLeeJ-S.Flexible artificial synaptic devices based on collagen from fish protein with spike-timing-dependent Plasticity. Adv Funct Mater. 2018;28(31):1800553. DOI:10.1002/adfm.201800553.
230.
SunYWangLSunLFabrication, characterization, and application in surface-enhanced Raman spectrum of assembled type-I collagen-silver nanoparticle multilayered films. J Chem Phys. 2008;128(7):074704. DOI:10.1063/1.2832322.
231.
LuoRLiuYYaoHCopper-incorporated collagen/catechol film for in situ generation of nitric oxide. ACS Biomater Sci Eng. 2015;1(9):771–779. DOI:10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5b00131.
232.
CheirmaduraiKBiswasSMuraliRGreen synthesis of copper nanoparticles and conducting nanobiocomposites using plant and animal sources. RSC Adv. 2014;4(37):19507–19511. DOI:10.1039/c4ra01414f.
233.
MarínTMontoyaPArnacheODevelopment of magnetite nanoparticles/gelatin composite films for triggering drug release by an external magnetic field. Mater Des. 2018;152:78–87. DOI:10.1016/j.matdes.2018.04.073.
234.
BonfrateVMannoDSerraAEnhanced electrical conductivity of collagen films through long-range aligned iron oxide nanoparticles. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2017;501:185–191. DOI:10.1016/j.jcis.2017.04.067.
235.
GreinerAWendorffJH.Electrospinning: a fascinating method for the preparation of ultrathin fibers. Angew Chem, Int Ed. 2007;46(30):5670–5703. DOI:10.1002/anie.200604646.
236.
RhoKSJeongLLeeGElectrospinning of collagen nanofibers: effects on the behavior of normal human keratinocytes and early-stage wound healing. Biomaterials. 2006;27(8):1452–1461. DOI:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.08.004.
237.
AgarwalSWendorffJHGreinerA.Use of electrospinning technique for biomedical applications. Polymer (Guildf). 2008;49(26):5603–5621. DOI:10.1016/j.polymer.2008.09.014.
238.
SellSAMcClureMJGargKElectrospinning of collagen/biopolymers for regenerative medicine and cardiovascular tissue engineering. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2009;61(12):1007–1019. DOI:10.1016/j.addr.2009.07.012.
239.
ZhongSTeoWEZhuXAn aligned nanofibrous collagen scaffold by electrospinning and its effects on in vitro fibroblast culture. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2006;79A(3):456–463. DOI:10.1002/jbm.a.30870.
240.
MoreiraCDFCarvalhoSMMansurHSThermogelling chitosan–collagen–bioactive glass nanoparticle hybrids as potential injectable systems for tissue engineering. Mater Sci Eng C. 2016;58:1207–1216. DOI:10.1016/j.msec.2015.09.075.
241.
KimH-WSongJ-HKimH-E.Bioactive glass nanofiber–collagen nanocomposite as a novel bone regeneration matrix. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2006;79A(3):698–705. DOI:10.1002/jbm.a.30848.
242.
MarelliBGhezziCEMohnDAccelerated mineralization of dense collagen-nano bioactive glass hybrid gels increases scaffold stiffness and regulates osteoblastic function. Biomaterials. 2011;32(34):8915–8926. DOI:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.08.016.
243.
ValerioPPereiraMMGoesAMThe effect of ionic products from bioactive glass dissolution on osteoblast proliferation and collagen production. Biomaterials. 2004;25(15):2941–2948. DOI:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2003.09.086.
244.
LeuALeachJK.Proangiogenic potential of a collagen/bioactive glass substrate. Pharm Res. 2008;25(5):1222–1229. DOI:10.1007/s11095-007-9508-9.
245.
HoffmanAS.Hydrogels for biomedical applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2012;64:18–23. DOI:10.1016/j.addr.2012.09.010.
246.
WozniakMADesaiRSolskiPAROCK-generated contractility regulates breast epithelial cell differentiation in response to the physical properties of a three-dimensional collagen matrix. J Cell Biol. 2003;163(3):583–595. DOI:10.1083/jcb.200305010.
BrownRA.In the beginning there were soft collagen-cell gels: towards better 3D connective tissue models?Exp Cell Res. 2013;319(16):2460–2469. DOI:10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.07.001.
250.
WangLStegemannJP.Glyoxal crosslinking of cell-seeded chitosan/collagen hydrogels for bone regeneration. Acta Biomater. 2011;7(6):2410–2417. DOI:10.1016/j.actbio.2011.02.029.
251.
HelaryCBatailleIAbedAConcentrated collagen hydrogels as dermal substitutes. Biomaterials. 2010;31(3):481–490. DOI:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.09.073.
252.
HelaryCOvtrachtLCoulombBDense fibrillar collagen matrices: a model to study myofibroblast behaviour during wound healing. Biomaterials. 2006;27(25):4443–4452. DOI:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.04.005.
253.
HeinemannSHeinemannCBernhardtRBioactive silica–collagen composite xerogels modified by calcium phosphate phases with adjustable mechanical properties for bone replacement. Acta Biomater. 2009;5(6):1979–1990. DOI:10.1016/j.actbio.2009.02.029.
254.
HeinemannSCoradinTWorchHPossibilities and limitations of preparing silica/collagen/hydroxyapatite composite xerogels as load-bearing biomaterials. Compos Sci Technol. 2011;71(16):1873–1880. DOI:10.1016/j.compscitech.2011.08.023.
255.
HeinemannSHeinemannCEhrlichHA Novel biomimetic hybrid material made of silicified collagen: perspectives for bone replacement. Adv Eng Mater. 2007;9(12):1061–1068. DOI:10.1002/adem.200700219.
256.
LimaCGAde OliveiraRSFigueiróSDDC conductivity and dielectric permittivity of collagen–chitosan films. Mater Chem Phys. 2006;99(2):284–288. DOI:10.1016/j.matchemphys.2005.10.027.
257.
AshokkumarMSumukhKMMuraliRCollagen–chitosan biocomposites produced using nanocarbons derived from goatskin waste. Carbon N Y. 2012;50(15):5574–5582. DOI:10.1016/j.carbon.2012.08.006.
258.
MacDonaldRAVogeCMKariolisMCarbon nanotubes increase the electrical conductivity of fibroblast-seeded collagen hydrogels. Acta Biomater. 2008;4(6):1583–1592. DOI:10.1016/j.actbio.2008.07.005.
259.
LiuCYeXWangXCollagen fiber membrane as an absorptive substrate to coat with carbon nanotubes-encapsulated metal nanoparticles for lightweight, wearable, and absorption-dominated shielding membrane. Ind Eng Chem Res. 2017;56(30):8553–8562. DOI:10.1021/acs.iecr.7b01930.
260.
Mekonnen BTMeiyazhaganARagothamanMBi-functional iron embedded carbon nanostructures from collagen waste for photocatalysis and Li-ion battery applications: a waste to wealth approach. J Clean Prod. 2019;210:190–199. DOI:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.10.319.
261.
MekonnenBTRagothamanMPalanisamyT.Bifunctional hybrid composites from collagen biowastes for heterogeneous applications. ACS Omega. 2017;2(8):5260–5270. DOI:10.1021/acsomega.7b01011.
