Most efforts in international relations scholarship focus on understanding war and conflict. To the extent that peace is considered, it is often treated as an afterthought or a control condition. In this paper, we construct a five-level scale of dyadic peace. We then operationalize the scale using indicators suggested by different scholarly literatures as well as measures derived from case studies. Further, we advocate the use of “anchor cases” and pair-wise comparisons to code dyadic peace in non-rivalry periods. We conclude with a pilot study of the scale, as applied to pairs of states over the period From 1816 to 2006.
Adler, E., and M. Barnett. eds. 1998a. Security communities. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
2.
Adler, E., and M. Barnett.1998b. Security communities in theoretical perspective. In E. Adler and M. Barnett, eds. Security Communities. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 3- 28.
3.
Bayer, R.2005. Reconciliation, democracy, and external threats. Paper presented at First Global International Studies Conference, World International Studies Committee, Bilgi University, Istanbul, 24-27 August, 2005.
4.
Bengtsson, R.2000. The cognitive dimension of stable peace. In A. M. Kacowicz, ed. Stable peace among nations . Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield , pp. 92-107.
Boulding, K.E.1978. Stable peace. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
7.
Cornes, R., and T. Sander.1996. The theory of externalities, public goods, and club goods, 2nd edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
8.
Danopoulos, C.P., and K.G. Messas.1997. Crises in the Balkans: Views from the participants. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
9.
Deutsch, K.W. et al. 1957. Political community and the North Atlantic area: International organization in the light of historical experience. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
10.
Diehl, P.F., and G. Goertz.2000. War and peace in international rivalry . Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
11.
Dixon, W.J.1993. Democracy and the management of international conflict . Journal of Conflict Resolution37: 42-68.
12.
Eckstein, H.1961. A theory of stable democracy. Princeton, NJ: Center for International Studies.
13.
Elgstrom, O., and M. Jerneck.2000. From adaptation to foreign policy activism: Sweden as a promoter of peace. In A. M. Kacowicz , ed. Stable peace among nations. Lanham, MD: Rowman &Littlefield: 179-199.
14.
Feldman, L.G.1984. The special relationship between West Germany and Israel . Boston, MA: Allen and Unwin.
15.
Fortescue, W.2000. The Third Republic in France, 1870-1940: Conflicts and continuities. New York, NY: Routledge .
16.
Frieden, J.A., M. Pastor, and M. Tomz.2000. Modern political economy and Latin America: Theory and policy. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
17.
Galtung, J.1971. A structural theory of imperialism. Journal of Peace Research8(2): 81-117.
18.
Galtung, J.1985. Twenty-five years of peace research: Ten challenges and some responses. Journal of Peace Research22(2): 141-158.
19.
George, A.L.2000. Foreword. In A. Kacowicz , ed., Stable peace among nations. Oxford : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, pp. xi-xvii.
20.
Goertz, G.2006. Social science concepts: A user's guide. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
21.
Goertz, G., B. Jones, and P.F. Diehl.2005. Maintenance processes in international rivalries. Journal of Conflict Resolution49 (5): 742-769.
22.
Goertz, G., and P.F. Diehl.2002. Treaties and conflict management in enduring rivalries. International Negotiation7(3): 379-398.
23.
Goodman, N.1972. Problems and projects. Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill.
24.
Haas, E.1975. The obsolescence of regional integration theory. Berkeley, CA: Institute of International Studies.
25.
Kacowicz, A.M., and Yaacov Bar-Siman-Tov. 2000. Stable peace: A conceptual framework. In A. M. Kacowicz , ed. Stable peace among nations. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, pp. 11- 36.
26.
Kacowicz, A.M.1998. Zones of peace in the Third World: South America and West Africa in comparative perspective. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
27.
Kelman. H.1999. Transforming the relationship between former enemies: A social-psychological analysis. In R. Rothstein , ed., After the peace. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers:193- 206.
28.
Klein, J., G. Goertz, and P.F. Diehl.2006. The new rivalry data set: Procedures and patterns. Journal of Peace Research43: 331-348.
29.
King, G., C. Murray, J. Salamon, and A. Tandon.2004. Enhancing the validity and cross-cultural comparability of measurement in survey research. American Political Science Review98: 191- 207.
30.
Kocs, S.A.1995. Territorial disputes and interstate war, 1945-1987. Journal of Politics57(1): 159- 175.
31.
Kreisberg. L.1998. Constructive conflicts: From escalation to resolution . Boston: Rowman and Littlefield .
32.
Long, W., and P. Brecke.2003. War and reconciliation. Cambridge: MIT Press.
33.
Maoz, Z.1982. Paths to conflict. Boulder: Westview Press.
34.
Maoz, Z., and B.D. Mor.2002. Bound by struggle: The strategic evolution of enduring international rivalries. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
35.
Miller, B.2001. The global sources of regional transitions from war to peace. Journal of Peace Research38: 199-225.
36.
Mueller, J.2007. The remnants of war. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
37.
Ragin, C.C.2000. Fuzzy-set social science. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
38.
Rapoport. A.1992. Peace: An idea whose time had come. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
39.
Ripsman, N.M.2005. Two stages of transition from a region of war to a region of peace: Realist transition and liberal endurance. International Studies Quarterly49: 669-693.
40.
Rock, S.R.1989. Why peace breaks out: Great power rapprochement in historical perspective. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press.
41.
Russett, B.1963. Community and contention: British and America in the twentieth century. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press .
42.
Schroeder, P.2007. Embedded counterfactuals and World War I as an unavoidable war. In G. Goertz, and J. S. Levy, eds., Explaining war and peace: Case studies and necessary condition counterfactuals. London: Routledge.
43.
Stavrianos, L.S.2000. The Balkans since 1453. New York, NY : New York University Press.
44.
Thompson, W.R.2001. Identifying rivals and rivalries in world politics. International Studies Quarterly45: 557-586.
45.
Vayrynen, R.2000. Stable peace through security communities? Steps toward theory building. In A. M. Kacowicz, ed., Stable peace among nations. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, pp. 108-129.
46.
Vasquez, J.A.1993. The war puzzle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
47.
Wæver, O.1998. Insecurity, security and security in the West European non-war community. In E. Adler, ed., Security communities. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
48.
Wilkenfeld, J., M. Brecher, and S. Moser.1988. Crisis in the twentieth century. New York, NY: Pergamon Press.
