More and more primary metal production and processing units are being shifted away from the developed countries to the developing countries. India is poised to become one of the largest producers of metals after China. This poses its own challenges in terms of solid waste management. As far as the production of primary metals are concerned, steel industries produce the largest amount of solid wastes. India has rich deposits of haematite. Because of high alumina content and inferior coke quality, approximately 1.6 tons of solid wastes are generated per ton of the steel produced. Most of the Blast Furnace slag is granulated and is used for manufacturing cement. However, steel making slag that contains high amounts of Fe poses challenges. This paper discusses the issues pertaining to solid waste generation from iron and steel making processes in terms of volumes, challenges and efforts towards recycling and utilization.
BernardE, DipayanJ. 2003. Forces of hydration that can cause havoc in concrete, concrete international, p. 51–57.
2.
Chakravarty*TK, PanigrahiSK. 1996. Strategies for solid waste management in SAIL steel plants. Proceedings: NS-EWM 1996 9 NML. Jamshedpur; India, p.52–62.
3.
ChandS, PaulB, KumarM. 2016. Sustainable approaches for LD slag waste management. Steel Ind: A Rev, Metall. 60(1–2):116–128.
4.
DasB, PrakashS, ReddyPSR, MisraVN. 2007. An overview of utilization of slag and sludge from steel industries. Resour Conserv Recycl. 50:40–57. doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2006.05.008
GuoZ, WangD, XuZ. 1994. Fundamental research on phosphorus removal in the smelting reduction process. Steel Res. 65(2):47–52. doi: 10.1002/srin.199400925
7.
IEA Clean Coal Centre. 2012. CO2 abatement in the iron and steel industry, Feb 2012 (iea-coal.org.uk).
8.
The Institution of Engineers India. 2015. Annual technical volume (2014–2015) of metallurgical and materials engineering division board, Volume-1, Competitiveness of Indian steel sector vis-a vis augmentation of logistics, infrastructure and solid waste management. (ieindia.org).
9.
Jindal Steel & Power Limted (JSPL). 2015. 2nd Business sustainability annual report 2014–15 (jindalpower.com).
10.
Jindal Steel Works (JSW). 2015. More smiles per ton of steel sustainability report 2014–15 (jsw.in).
11.
KumarDS, SahR, PrasadG, PrasadSMR, Yadav*D, Gupta*S, Chaturvedi*SK. 2013. Use of granulated steel slag in manufacture of cement JSW steel Ltd, Vijayanagar Works, 13th National Council for Cement and Building Materials, New Delhi, India (ncbindia.com/pdf_seminar/050-EA.pdf).
12.
KumarPP, GuptaD, YadavUS, SekherVR, NahaTK. 2007. Recycling of steel plants waste through Corex, Steel Times International, March 2007.
13.
MansoMJ, Ortega-LópezV, PolancoVA, SetiénJ. 2013. The use of ladle furnace slag in soil stabilization. Construct Build Mater. 40:126–134. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.09.079
14.
Ministry of Steel, Government of India. 2016. Annual report of the ministry of steel 2015–2016 (steel.gov.in).
15.
Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency. 2014. Trends in global CO2 emissions (edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu).
16.
OnoH, lnagakiA, MasuiT, NaritaH, MitsuoT, NosakaS, GohdaS. 1980. Removal of phosphorus from LD converter slag by floating of di-calcium silicate during solidification. Tetsu-to-Hugane. 66(9):1317–1326.
17.
PalJ, ChaudharyPN, GoswamiMC. 2003. Utilisation of LD slag – an overview, national metallurgical laboratory, Jamshedpur. J Metall Mater Sci. 45(2):61–72, April–June 2003.
18.
PandaR, KarRN, PandaCR. 2013. Dephosphorisation of LD slag by penicillium citrinum. Ecoscan: Int Quart J Environ Sci. 3:247–250.
19.
PradhanN, DasB, AcharyaS. 2005. Removal of phosphorus from LD slag using a heterotrophic bacterium. Miner Metall Process. 3(21):149–52.
20.
ProctorDM, FehlingKA, ShayEC. 2000. Physical & chemical characteristics of blast furnace, BOF and EAF steel industry slags. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34(8):1576–1582. doi: 10.1021/es9906002
21.
RađenovićA, MalinaJ, SofilićT. 2013. Characterization of ladle furnace slag from carbon steel production as a potential adsorbent. Adv Mater Sci Eng. 1–6. doi:10.1155/2013/198240).
22.
SarkarS, MazumderD. 2015. Solid waste management in steel industry – challenges and opportunities. Eng Technol Int J Soc Behav Educ Econ Bus Ind Eng. 9(3):978–981.
23.
ShiomiS, SanoN, MatsushitaY. 1977. Removal of phosphorus in BOF slag. Tetsu-to-Hagane. 63(9):1520–1528.
24.
SridharA. 2009. Hydrogen harvesting process, Tata Review October 2009 Innovista.
25.
Steel Authority of India (SAIL). 2015. Fortifying sustainable growth corporate sustainability report 2014–15 (sail.co.in).
26.
SuitoH, HayashidaY, TakahashiY. 1977. Mineralogical study of LD converter slags. Tetsu-to-Hagane. 63(8):1252–1259.
27.
Tata Steel. 2015. Excellence for common good 15th sustainability report 2014–15 (tatasteel.com).
World Steel Association. 2014. Steel's contribution to a low carbon future – world steel position paper (worldsteel.org).
30.
YadavUS, DasBK, KumarA, SandhuHS. 2002. Solid wastes recycling through sinter – status at tata steel. In: BandopadhyayA., KumarRakesh, RamachandraraoP, editor. Proceedings of the International Environmental & Waste Management. Jameshedpur, India: NML; p. 81–94.
