The hot-core heavy reduction rolling (HHR2) technology is a solidification end reduction technique to enhance the quality of steel. In the current study, the Cellular Automata (CA) calculation is applied to investigate the casting process before HHR2 and the HHR2 dynamic recrystallization (DRX) process. The experimental data and calculation data are compared to verify the accuracy of the method and models. Afterward, based on the actual casting process, the solidification structure in the thickness direction of a billet is calculated, and the influence on the HHR2 grain size of various conditions, such as rolling speed, deformation temperature, and reduction strain, is simulated. Furthermore, based on the fixed HHR2 process, the influence of different superheats, casting speeds, and cooling conditions on the core-surface temperature schedule and the grain size before and after HHR2 deformation is calculated. Finally, the process optimization trend to produce high-carbon bearing steel billet is obtained.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
LiuKWangCLiuGLet al.Research on soft reduction amount distribution to eliminate typical inter-dendritic crack in continuous casting slab of X70 pipeline steel by numerical model. High Temp Mater Proc. 2017;36(4):359–372.
2.
WuMHDomitnerJLudwigA.Using a two-phase columnar solidification model to study the principle of mechanical soft reduction in slab casting. Metall Mater Trans A. 2012;43:945–964.
3.
YimCHParkJKYouBDet al.The effect of soft reduction on center segregation in C.O. slab. ISIJ Int. 1996;36:S231–S234.
4.
NabeshimaSNakatoHFujiiTet al.連続鍛圧法によるブルーム鋳片の偏析制御機構 (Controlling of centerline segregation of continuously cast bloom by continuous forging process). ISIJ Int (Tetsu to Hagane). 1995;35:673–679.
HirakiSYamanakaAShiraiYet al.高級極厚鋼板用新連続鋳造技術(PCCS 法)の開発 (Development of New continuous casting technology (PCCS) for very thick plate). Materia Jpn. 2009;48(1):20–22.
7.
KawamotoM.Recent development of steelmaking process in sumitomo metals. J Iron Steel Res Int. 2011;(S2):28–35.
8.
YCHYIMWonMParkJKet al. Continuous cast slab and method for manufacturing the same, patent: WO2009/066929A2, 2009, in English.
9.
ZhaoXKZhangJMLeiSWet al.The position study of heavy reduction process for improving centerline segregation or porosity with extra-thickness slabs. Steel Res Int. 2014;85(4):645–658.
10.
ZhaoXKZhangJMLeiSWet al.Dynamic recrystallization (DRX) analysis of heavy reduction process with extra-thickness slabs. Steel Res int. 2014;85(5):811–823.
11.
JiCLiGLWuCHet al.Design and application of CSC-roll for heavy reduction of the bloom continuous casting process. Metall Mater Trans B. 2019;50:110–122.
12.
JiCWuCHZhuMY.Thermo-mechanical behavior of the continuous casting bloom in the heavy reduction process. JOM. 2016;68:3107–3115.
13.
WuCHJiCZhuMY.Closure of internal porosity in continuous casting bloom during heavy reduction process. Metall Mater Trans B. 2019;271:651–659.
14.
JiCWangZLWuCHet al.Constitutive modeling of the flow stress of GCr15 continuous casting bloom in the heavy reduction process. Metall Mater Trans B. 2018;49:767–782.
15.
LiTXLiHJLiRHet al.Work roll surface profile design and optimization for Hot-core heavy reduction rolling process. ISIJ Int. 2019;59(7):1314–1322.
16.
LiTXLiHJLiRHet al.Analysis of ductile fractures at the surface of continuous casting steel during Hot-core heavy reduction rolling. J Mater Process Technol. 2020;283(116713):1–11.
17.
LiHJLiTXLiRHet al.Effect of a novel Hot-core heavy reduction rolling process after complete solidification on deformation and microstructure of casting steel. ISIJ Int. 2019;59(12):2283–2293.
18.
GongMNLiHJLiTXet al.Evolution of austenite grain size in continuously cast slab during Hot-core heavy reduction rolling process based on Hot compression tests. Steel Res Int. 2018;89(7):1800025, p 1–11.
19.
LiHJGongMNLiTXet al.Effects of Hot-core heavy reduction rolling during continuous casting on microstructures and mechanical properties of Hot-rolled plates. J Mater Process Technol. 2020;283:116708, p 1–9.
20.
LiHJLiTXGongMNet al.Finite element analysis of dynamic recrystallization of casting slabs during Hot-core heavy reduction rolling process. Metals (Basel). 2020;10(2):181, p 1–13.
21.
HouZBChengGGJiangFet al.Compactness degree of longitudinal section of outer columnar grain zone in continuous casting billet using cellular automaton-finite element method. ISIJ Int. 2013;53(4):655–664.
22.
SongWZhangJMLiuYet al.Numerical simulation of solidification structure of 6.5 wt-%Si steel ingot slab. Ironmak Steelmak. 2015;42(9):656–663.
23.
SunTYueFWuHJet al.Solidification structure of continuous casting large round billets under mold electromagnetic stirring. J Iron Steel Res Int. 2016;23:329–337.
24.
DouKYangZGLiuQet al.Influence of secondary cooling mode on solidification structure and macro-segregation behavior for high-carbon continuous casting bloom. High Temp Mater Processes. 2016;36(7):1–13.
25.
NiuSSenkDRezendeJLL.Numerical modeling of the effect of mechanical vibration on 10 kg C45 steel ingot solidification. Steel Res Int. 2019;90(8):1900081, p 1–9.
26.
LiJWuHTLiuYet al.Solidification structure simulation and casting process optimization of GCr15 bloom alloy. China Foundry. 2022;19:63–74.
27.
LiuXLiLXHeFYet al.Simulation on dynamic recrystallization behavior of AZ31 magnesium alloy using cellular automaton method coupling Laasraoui–Jonas model. Trans Nonferrous Metals Soc China. 2013;23(9):2692–2699.
28.
ChenFQiKCuiZSet al.Modeling the dynamic recrystallization in austenitic stainless steel using cellular automaton method. Comput Mater Sci. 2014;83:331–340.
29.
SitkoMMadejLPietrzykM.Validation of cellular automata model of dynamic recrystallization. Key Eng Mater. 2015;651-653:581–586.
30.
QuanGZZhangKKAnCet al.Analysis of dynamic recrystallization behaviors in resistance heating compressions of heat-resistant alloy by multi-field and multi-scale coupling method. Comput Mater Sci. 2018;149:73–83.
31.
HeYYBaiSWFangG.Coupled CA-FE simulation for dynamic recrystallization of magnesium alloy during Hot extrusion. J Magnes Alloy. 2020 doi: 10.1016/j.jma.2020.08.023.
32.
ChenFZhuHJChenWet al.Multiscale modeling of discontinuous dynamic recrystallization during hot working by coupling multilevel cellular automaton and finite element method. Int J Plast. 2021;145:103064, p 1–24.
33.
LiRHLiHJNingXYet al.Temperature influence on section uniformity of casting steel rolled with hot-core heavy reduction rolling process and traditional hot rolling process. J. of Materi Eng and Perform. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-022-06776-7.
34.
LiR. H.LiH. J.XiangN.WangG. D.BaiL. J., Modeling flow stress and grain size of GCr15 bearing steel at high-temperature deformation near end of solidification, J Iron Steel Res Int., 2022, doi:10.1007/s42243-021-00717-9.
35.
GandinC-ARappazM.A coupled finite element-cellular automaton model for the prediction of dendritic grain structures in solidification processes. Acta Metall Mater. 1994;42(7):2233–2246.
36.
KurzWGiovanolaBTrivediR.Theory of microstructural development during rapid solidification. Acta Metall. 1986;34(5):823–830.
37.
DingRGuoZX.Coupled quantitative simulation of microstructural evolution and plastic flow during dynamic recrystallization. Acta Mater. 2001;49(16):3163–3175.
38.
DingDGuoZX.Microstructural modelling of dynamic recrystallisation using an extended cellular automaton approach. Comput Mater Sci. 2002;23(1–4):209–218.
39.
RobertsWBodenHAhlblomB.Dynamic recrystallization kinetics. Met Sci. 1979;13(3–4):195–205.
40.
LaasraouiAJonasJJ.Prediction of steel flow stresses at high temperatures and strain rates. Metallur Mater Trans A. 1991;22(22A):1545–1558.
41.
JinZYCuiZS.Investigation on strain dependence of dynamic recrystallization behavior using an inverse analysis method. Mater Sci Eng A. 2010;527(13–14):3111–3119.
42.
LaasraouiAJonasJJ.Prediction of temperature distribution, flow stress and microstructure during the multipass Hot rolling of steel plate and strip. ISIJ Int. 1991;31(1):95–105.
43.
StuweHPOrtnerB.Recrystallization in Hot working and creep. Metal Sci. 1974;8:161–167.
44.
JonasJJQuelennecXJiangLet al.The avrami kinetics of dynamic recrystallization. Acta Mater. 2009;57(9):2748–2756.
45.
ChenLSunWYLinJet al.Modelling of constitutive relationship, dynamic recrystallization and grain size of 40cr steel during Hot deformation process. Results Phys. 2019;12:784–792.
46.
LinYCChenMSZhongJ.Effects of deformation temperatures on stress/strain distribution and microstructural evolution of deformed 42CrMo steel. Mater Des. 2009;30(3):908–913.
47.
LinYCChenXMWenDXet al.A physically-based constitutive model for a typical nickel-based superalloy. Comput Mater Sci. 2014;83:282–289.
48.
LinYCWenDXChenMSet al.A novel unified dislocation density-based model for Hot deformation behavior of a nickel-based superalloy under dynamic recrystallization conditions. Appl Phys A. 2016;805:1–16.
