In this study, spark plasma sintering (SPS) was used for the thermoelectric composite treatment of CrMnFeCoNi/WC plasma transfer arc welding (PTA) coating to explore the difference compared with common heat treatment (HT). X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to detect the phase composition, and a combination of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to characterize the microstructure. The performance of nano-indentation was tested. The results show that the coating after PTA has a large dislocation density due to internal stress, while HT and SPS treatment significantly reduce the internal stress and dislocation density of the coating. Nano-indentation test shows that the hardness of the coating after PTA is 4.24 GPa, and after HT, the hardness decreases to 4.05 GPa. However, the coating after SPS treatment has significant precipitation-strengthening effect due to the wide existence of the precipitated phase, and the hardness rises to 4.78 GPa.
YehJW, ChenSK, LinSJ.Nanostructured high-entropy alloys with multiple principal elements: novel alloy design concepts and outcomes. Adv Eng Mater. 2004;6(5):299.
2.
LuYP, GaoXZ, JiangL, Directly cast bulk eutectic and near-eutectic high entropy alloys with balanced strength and ductility in a wide temperature range. Acta Mater. 2017;124:143–150.
3.
GludovatzB, HohenwarterA, CatoorD, A fracture-resistant high-entropy alloy for cryogenic applications. Science. 2014;345(80):1153–1158.
4.
PicakS, WegenerT, SajadifarSV, On the low cycle fatigue response of CoCrNiFeMn high entropy alloy with ultra-fine grain structure. Acta Mater. 2021;205:116540.
5.
XuQ, GuanHQ, ZhongZH, Irradiation resistance mechanism of the CoCrFeMnNi equiatomic high-entropy alloy. Sci Rep. 2021;11:1–8.
6.
BrifY, ThomasM, ToddI.The use of high-entropy alloys in additive manufacturing. Scr Mater. 2015;99:93–96.
7.
SchneeweissO, FriákM, DudovM, Magnetic properties of the CrMnFeCoNi high-entropy alloy. Phys Rev:B. 2017;96(1):014437.
8.
ShimizuH, YuasaM, MiyamotoH, Corrosion behavior of ultrafine-grained CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloys fabricated by high-pressure torsion. Materials (Basel). 2022;15(3):1007, DOI:10.3390/ma15031007.
9.
WonJW, LeeS, ParkSH, Ultrafine-grained CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloy produced by cryogenic multi-pass caliber rolling. J Alloy Comp. 2018;742:290–295.
10.
ZhengF, LiXF, SongXL, Hydrogen embrittlement of CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloy compared with 304 and IN718 alloys. Metals (Basel). 2022;12(6):998.
11.
LamTN, LuoMY, KawasakiT, Tensile response of As-cast CoCrFeNi and CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloys. Crystals (Basel). 2022;12(2):157.
12.
ThurstonKVS, GludovatzB, QinY, Temperature and load-ratio dependent fatigue-crack growth in the CrMnFeCoNi high-entropy alloy. J Alloy Comp. 2019;794:525–533.
13.
TirunilaiAS, SasJ, WeissKP, Peculiarities of deformation of CoCrFeMnNi at cryogenic temperatures. J Mater Res. 2018;33(19):3287–3300.
14.
WangB, FuA, HuangX, Mechanical properties and microstructure of the CoCrFeMnNi high entropy alloy under high strain rate compression. J Mater Eng Perform. 2016;25:2985–2992. DOI:10.1007/s11665-016-2105-5.
15.
AbbasiE, DehghaniK.Cryogenic treatment of CoCrFeMnNi(NbC) high-entropy alloys. J Mater Eng Perform. 2019;28:6779–6788. DOI:10.1007/s11665-019-04439-8.
16.
LiHG, ChePC, YangXK, Enhanced tensile properties and wear resistance of additively manufactured CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloy at cryogenic temperature. Rare Met. 2022;41:1210–1216. DOI:10.1007/s12598-021-01867-1.
17.
TasanCC, DengY, PradeepKG, Composition dependence of phase stability, deformation mechanisms, and mechanical properties of the CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloy system. JOM. 2014;66:1993–2001. DOI:10.1007/s11837-014-1133-6.
18.
LiuT, GaoY, BeiH, In situ neutron diffraction study on tensile deformation behavior of carbon-strengthened CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloys at room and elevated temperatures. J Mater Res. 2018;33(19):3192–3203. DOI:10.1557/jmr.2018.180.
19.
ArshadM, AmerM, HayatQ, High-entropy coatings (HEC) for high-temperature applications: materials, processing, and properties. Coatings. 2022;12(5):691.
20.
NakajoH, NishimotoA.Boronizing of CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloys using spark plasma sintering. J Manuf Mater Process. 2022;6(2):29. DOI:10.3390/jmmp6020029.
21.
LiB, ZhangL, YangB.Grain refinement and localized amorphization of additively manufactured high-entropy alloy matrix composites reinforced by nano ceramic particles via selective-laser-melting/remelting. Compos Commun. 2020;19:56–60.
22.
BaoWZ, ChenJ, XieGQ.Optimized strength and conductivity of multi-scale copper alloy/metallic glass composites tuned by a one-step spark plasma sintering (SPS) process. J Mater Sci Technol. 2022;128:22–30.
23.
MondalD, SarkarSK, OhIH, Comparative study of microstructures and material properties in the vacuum and spark plasma sintered Ti-calcium phosphate composites. Mater Trans. 2011;52(7):1436–1442.
24.
KuoCH, ChienHS, HwangCS, Thermoelectric properties of fine-grained PbTe bulk materials fabricated by cryomilling and spark plasma sintering. Mater Trans. 2011;52(4):795–801.
25.
CaiLL, LiP, WangP.Duration of thermal stability and mechanical properties of Mg2Si/Cu thermoelectric joints. J Electron Mater. 2018;47(5):2591–2599.
26.
ZhangJ, TuR, GotoT.Preparation of Ni-cBN composites by spark plasma sintering. J jpn soc Powder Powder Metal. 2012;59(7):410–271.
VladimirS.Features of electroplastic effect in alloys with martensite transformation. Acta Metal Sin (Eng Lett). 2018;31(12):1305–1310.
29.
SujinthanM, Joseph FrancisL.Superplastic forming using pulse current. Inter J Eng Technol Res. 2015;4(4):1358–1361.
30.
ShengYY, HuaYL, WangXJ, Application of high-density electropulsing to improve the performance of metallic materials: mechanisms, microstructure and properties. Materials (Basel). 2018;11:185.
31.
GuoJ, XiaoLC, WenKZ, The tensile deformation behavior of AZ31B magnesium alloy sheet under intermittent pulse current. Pro Ins Mech Eng. 2022;236(1):471–480.
32.
NoellPJ, RodelasJM, GhanbariZN, Microstructural modification of additively manufactured metals by electropulsing. Addit Manuf. 2020;33:101128.
33.
AndreD, BurletT, KörkemeyerF.Investigation of the electroplastic effect using nanoindentation. Mater Des. 2019;183:108153.
34.
XieSY, LiRD, TangLJ, Effect of pulse current on the diffusion behavior of FeCoCrNiMox-Al couples. Mater Lett. 2019;253:381–383.
35.
ZhaoS, ZhangR, ChongY, Defect reconfiguration in a Ti–Al alloy via electroplasticity. Nat Mater. 2021;20:468–472.
36.
LandauerR, WooJW.Driving force in electromigration. Phys Rev B. 1974;10(4):1266.
37.
ConradH.Enhanced phenomena in metals with electric and magnetic fields: I electric fields. Mater Trans. 2005;46(6):1083–1087.
38.
HosfordWF.Mechanical behavior of materials. New York (NY): Cambridge University Press; 2005.
39.
HìrschPB, ArgonA.The physics and strength of plasticity. (MA): MIT Press, Cambridge; 1969.
40.
NembachE.Particle strengthening of metals and alloys. New York (NY): Wiley; 1997.
