In this research, the Eulerian method was used to simulate the relationship between the preheating temperature and the critical velocity. The size and shape of the void (no-material-existence zone) and the thickness of the model were investigated. Various preheating temperatures were used throughout the whole model. The critical velocity was determined with jet's appearance. The simulation results demonstrated the void size and shape influenced the results, although the thickness did not. The critical velocity decreased as the preheating temperature rose. The relationship between critical velocity and minimum preheating temperature when the jet formed appeared to be a linear relationship. The experimental results confirmed the simulation results. The linear equation could be used to predict the preheating temperature at a certain velocity below the critical value. The corresponding steady maximum PEEQ (equivalent plastic strain) value at the minimum preheating temperature could be divided into a stable type and a fluctuation type.
CavaliereP, SilvelloA.Fatigue behaviour of cold sprayed metals and alloys: critical review. Surf Eng. 2016;32(9):631–640. DOI:10.1179/1743294415Y.00000000100 doi: 10.1179/1743294415Y.0000000100
2.
BielousovaO, KocimskiJ, MaevRG, Localisation of deformation in cold gas dynamic spraying. Surf Eng. 2016;32(9):655–662. DOI:10.1179/1743294415Y.0000000059.
3.
MoridiA, Hassani-GangarajSM, GuaglianoM, Cold spray coating: review of material systems and future perspectives. Surf Eng. 2014;30(6):369–395. doi: 10.1179/1743294414Y.0000000270
VlcekJ, GimemoL, HuberH, A systematic approach to material eligibility for the cold-spray process. J Therm Spray Technol. 2005;14:125–133. doi: 10.1361/10599630522738
6.
HanT, GillispieBA, ZhaoZB.An investigation on powder injection in the high-pressure cold spray process. J Therm Spray Technol. 2009;18:320–330. doi: 10.1007/s11666-009-9329-y
7.
RokniMR, WidenerCA, AhrenkielSP, Annealing behavior of 6061 Aluminium deposited by high pressure cold spray. Surf Eng. 2014;30:361–368. doi: 10.1179/1743294413Y.0000000209
8.
HussainT.Cold spraying of titanium: a review of bonding mechanisms, microstructure and properties. Key Eng Mater. 2012;533:53–90.
9.
LiCJ, YangGJ, GaoPH, Characterization of nanostructured WC-Co deposited by cold spraying. J Therm Spray Technol. 2007;16:1011–1020. doi: 10.1007/s11666-007-9096-6
10.
LiCJ, LiY, XingLK, Microstructure features of cold-sprayed NiCoCrAlTaY coating and its high temperature oxidation behavior. Mater Sci Forum. 2011;686:595–602.
11.
KoivuluotoH, VuoristoP.Effect of powder type and composition on structure and mechanical properties of Cu + Al2O3 coatings prepared by using low-pressure cold spray process. J Therm Spray Technol. 2010;19:1081–1092. doi: 10.1007/s11666-010-9491-2
12.
RokniMR, NuttSR, WidenerCA, Review of relationship between particle deformation, coating microstructure, and properties in high-pressure cold spray. J Therm Spray Technol. 2017;26:1308–1355. DOI:10.1007/s11666-017-0575-0.
13.
WuJW, FangHY, YoonSH, Critical velocities for high speed particle deposition in kinetic spraying. Mater Trans. 2006;47:1723–1727. doi: 10.2320/matertrans.47.1723
14.
SchmidtT, AssadiH, GärtnerF, From particle acceleration to impact and bonding in cold spraying. J Therm Spray Technol. 2009;18(5–6):794–808. doi: 10.1007/s11666-009-9357-7
15.
GrujicicM, ZhaoCL, DeRossetWS, Adiabatic shear instability based mechanism for particles/substrate bonding in the cold-gas dynamic-spray process. Mater Des. 2004;25(8):681–688. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2004.03.008
16.
SchmidtT, GärtnerF, AssadiH, Development of a generalized parameter window for cold spray deposition. Acta Mater. 2006;54(3):729–742. doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2005.10.005
17.
WongW, VoP, IrissouE, Effect of particle morphology and size distribution on cold-sprayed pure titanium coatings. J Therm Spray Technol. 2013;22:1140–1153. doi: 10.1007/s11666-013-9951-6
18.
FukumotoM, MashikoM, YamadaM, Deposition behavior of copper fine particles onto flat substrate surface in cold spraying. J Therm Spray Technol. 2010;19:89–94. doi: 10.1007/s11666-009-9426-y
19.
LiCJ, WangHT, ZhangQ, Influence of spray materials and their surface oxidation on the critical velocity in cold spraying. J Therm Spray Technol. 2010;19:95–101. doi: 10.1007/s11666-009-9427-x
20.
McCunneRC, DonlonWT, PopoolaOO, Characterization of copper layer produced by cold gas dynamic spraying. J Therm Spray Technol. 2000;9:73–82. doi: 10.1361/105996300770350087
BinderK, GottschalkJ, KollendaM, Influence of impact angle and gas temperature on mechanical properties of Titanium cold spray deposits. J Therm Spray Technol. 2011;20:234–242. doi: 10.1007/s11666-010-9557-1
23.
BergerMH, BoritF, GuipontV, Influence of particle velocity on adhesion of cold-sprayed splats. J Therm Spray Technol. 2009;18:331–342. doi: 10.1007/s11666-009-9327-0
24.
LiCJ, LiWY, LiaoHL.Examination of the critical velocity for deposition of particles in cold spraying. J Therm Spray Technol. 2006;15(2):212–222. doi: 10.1361/105996306X108093
25.
LiWY, ZhangC, LiCJ, Modeling aspects of high velocity impact of particles in cold spraying by explicit finite element analysis. J Therm Spray Technol. 2009;18(5–6):921–933. doi: 10.1007/s11666-009-9325-2
26.
DykhuizenRC, SmithMF, GilmoreDL, Impact of high velocity cold spray particles. J Therm Spray Technol. 1999;8(4):559–564. doi: 10.1361/105996399770350250
27.
KingPC, BaeG, ZahiriSH, An experimental and finite element study of cold spray copper impact onto two aluminum substrates. J Therm Spray Technol. 2010;19(3):620–634. doi: 10.1007/s11666-009-9454-7
28.
YinS, WangXF, XuBP, Examination on the calculation method for modeling the multi-particle impact process in cold spraying. J Therm Spray Technol. 2010;19(19):1032–1041. doi: 10.1007/s11666-010-9489-9
29.
WuXK, ZhouXL, CuiH, Deposition behavior and characteristics of cold-sprayed Cu–Cr composite deposits. J Therm Spray Technol. 2012;21(5):792–799. doi: 10.1007/s11666-012-9755-0
30.
LiWY, YuM, WuH, Effect of mesh resolution on the particle deformation during cold spraying by Eulerian formulation. Rare Met Mater Eng. 2012;41(S1):327–330.
31.
YuM, LiWY, WangFF, Finite element simulation of impacting behavior of particles in cold spraying by Eulerian approach. J Therm Spray Technol. 2012;21(3–4):745–752. doi: 10.1007/s11666-011-9717-y
32.
LiWY, YuM, WangFF, A generalized critical velocity window based on material property for cold spraying by Eulerian method. J Therm Spray Technol. 2014;23(3):557–566. doi: 10.1007/s11666-013-0023-8
33.
WangFF, LiWY, YuM, Prediction of critical velocity during cold spraying based on a coupled thermomechanical Eulerian model. J Therm Spray Technol. 2014;23(1–2):60–67. doi: 10.1007/s11666-013-0009-6
34.
YinS, LiaoHL, WangXF.Euler based finite element analysis on high velocity impact behaviour in cold spraying. Surf Eng. 2014;30(5):309–315. doi: 10.1179/1743294413Y.0000000240
35.
LiWY, ZhangDD, HuangCJ, Modelling of impact behaviour of cold spray particles: review. Surf Eng. 2014;30(5):299–308. doi: 10.1179/1743294414Y.0000000268
36.
LiWY, YangK, YinS, Numerical analysis of cold spray particles impacting behavior by the Eulerian method: a review. J Therm Spray Technol. 2016;25(8):1441–1460. DOI:10.1007/s11666-016-0443-3.
37.
LiWY, YangK, ZhangDD, Residual stress analysis of cold-sprayed copper coatings by Numerical Simulation. J Therm Spray Technol. 2016;25(1–2):131–142. DOI:10.1007/s11666-015-0308-1.
38.
YuM, LiWY, WangFF, Effect of preheating on deformation in cold spraying dissimilar combinations. Surf Eng. 2014;30(5):329–334. doi: 10.1179/1743294413Y.0000000203
39.
SuoXK, GuoXP, LiWY, Investigation of deposition behavior of cold-sprayed magnesium coating. J Therm Spray Technol. 2012;21(5):831–837. doi: 10.1007/s11666-012-9777-7
40.
YinS, SuoXK, XieY, Effect of substrate temperature on interfacial bonding for cold spray of Ni onto Cu. J Mater Sci. 2015;50(22):7448–7457. doi: 10.1007/s10853-015-9304-6
41.
SuoXK, YuM, LiWY, Effect of substrate preheating on bonding strength of cold-sprayed Mg coatings. J Therm Spray Technol. 2012;21(5):1091–1098. doi: 10.1007/s11666-012-9803-9
42.
FukanumaH, OhnoN, SunB, In-flight particle velocity measurements with DPV-2000 in cold spray. Surf Coat Technol. 2006;201(5):1935–1941. doi: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2006.04.035
43.
YuM, LiWY, WangFF, Effect of particle and substrate preheating on particle deformation behavior in cold spraying. Surf Coat Technol. 2013;220:174–178. doi: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2012.04.081
44.
JohnsonGR, CookWH.Fracture characteristics of three metals subjected to various strains, strain rates, temperatures and pressures. Eng Fract Mech. 1985;21(1):31–48. doi: 10.1016/0013-7944(85)90052-9
45.
Abaqus Analysis User's Manual, ABAQUS 6.13 HTML Documentation, Dassault Systèmes;2012.
46.
BaeG, XiongY, KumarS, General aspects of interface bonding in kinetic sprayed coatings. Acta Mater. 2008;56(17):4858–4868. doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2008.06.003
47.
Van SteenkisteTH, SmithJR, TeetsRE.Aluminum coatings via kinetic spray with relatively large powder particles. Surf Coat Technol. 2002;154(2):237–252. doi: 10.1016/S0257-8972(02)00018-X
